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Abrahamian - A History of Modern Iran

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Abrahamian A History of Modern Iran
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    A History of Modern Iran
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From the Publisher: In a reappraisal of Irans modern history, Ervand Abrahamian traces its traumatic journey across the twentieth century, through the discovery of oil, imperial interventions, the rule of the Pahlavis and, in 1979, revolution and the birth of the Islamic Republic. In the intervening years, the country has experienced a bitter war with Iraq, the transformation of society under the clergy and, more recently, the expansion of the state and the struggle for power between the old elites, the intelligentsia and the commercial middle class. The author is a compassionate expositor. While he adroitly negotiates the twists and turns of the countrys regional and international politics, at the heart of his book are the people of Iran. It is to them and their resilience that this book is dedicated, as Iran emerges at the beginning of the twenty-first century as one of the most powerful states in the Middle East.

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A History of Modern Iran In a radical reappraisal of Irans modern history - photo 1
A History of Modern Iran

In a radical reappraisal of Irans modern history, Ervand Abrahamian traces its traumatic journey across the twentieth century, through the discovery of oil, imperial interventions, the rule of the Pahlavis, and, in 1979, revolution and the birth of the Islamic Republic. In the intervening years, Iran has experienced a bitter war with Iraq, the transformation of society under the rule of the clergy, and, more recently, the expansion of the state and the struggle for power between the old elites, the intelligentsia, and the commercial middle class. The author, who is one of the most distinguished historians writing on Iran today, is a compassionate expositor. While he adroitly negotiates the twists and turns of the countrys regional and international politics, at the heart of his book are the people of Iran, who have endured and survived a century of war and revolution. It is to them and their resilience that this book is dedicated, as Iran emerges at the beginning of the twenty-first century as one of the most powerful states in the Middle East.

ERVAND ABRAHAMIAN is Distinguished Professor of History at Baruch College and Graduate Center, City University of New York. His previous publications include The Iranian Mojahedin (1989), Khomeinism (1993), and Tortured Confessions (1999).

A History of Modern Iran
Ervand Abrahamian
City University of New York
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge New York Melbourne Madrid Cape Town - photo 2
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, So Paulo, Delhi
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521528917
Ervand Abrahamian 2008
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2008
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
Abrahamian, Ervand 1940A history of modern Iran / Ervand Abrahamian.p. cm.ISBN 97805218213911. Iran History 20th century. I. Title.DS316.3.A27 2008955.05dc222008005641
ISBN 978-0-521-82139-1 hardback
ISBN 978-0-521-52891-7 paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

In memory of the more than three hundred political prisoners hanged in 1988 for refusing to feign belief in the supernatural

Maps
Illustrations
Tables
Figures
Chronology
1901

DArcy Concession

1905 December

Bastinadoing of merchants

1906 July

Protest in British legation

1906 August

Royal promise of constitution

1906 October

First Majles opens

1907 August

Anglo-Russian Convention

1908

First oil well

1908 June

Coup dtat

1909

Anglo-Persian Oil Company formed

1909 July

Revolutionaries capture Tehran

1909 November

Second Majles opens

1911

Russian ultimatum

1912

British Navy converts from coal to oil

1919 August

Anglo-Persian Agreement

1921 February

Coup dtat

1925

Constituent Assembly terminates the Qajar dynasty

1926

Coronation of Reza Shah

1927

Abolition of capitulations

1928

New dress code

1933

Cancellation of DArcy Concession

1934

Official name change of Persia to Iran

1941 August

Anglo-Soviet invasion

1951

Oil nationalization

1953

CIA coup

1963

White Revolution

1974

Quadrupling of oil prices

1975

Creation of Resurgence Party

1979 February

Islamic Revolution

1979 November

Students take the US embassy

December

Referendum for the Islamic constitution

1980 January

Bani-Sadr elected president

1980 September

Iraq invades Iran

1981 June

Mojahedin uprising; Bani-Sadr dismissed; Khamenei elected President

1983

Iran invades Iraq

1988

IranIraq War ends

1989

Khomeini dies; Khamenei elected Supreme Leader; Rafsanjani elected president

1997

Khatemi elected president

2001

Khatemi reelected president

2005

Ahmadinejad elected president

Glossary
akhund

derogatory term for cleric ( rouhani)

arbab

landlord

ashraf

aristocrat

ayan

notable

ayatollah

high-ranking cleric (lit. sign of god)

basej

support volunteer fighters (lit. mobilized)

chadour

long-covering for women (lit. tent)

dowlat

government, state

faqeh

expert on feqh (religious law)

fatwa

religious pronouncement

fedayi

fighter; self-sacrificer

hakim

lieutenant-governor

hojjat al-islam

middle-ranking cleric (lit. proof of Islam)

husseinieh

religious center

kadkhuda

headman

keshvar

country, kingdom, state

komiteh

committee

mahalleh

district, town ward

majles

meeting, parliament

maraj-e taqled

most senior authorities of the law (singular marja-e taqled )

mehan

nation, country, homeland, fatherland/motherland

mellat

nation, people

melli

national

mojahed

fighter; crusader

mojtahed

high-ranking cleric

mostazafen

the meek, oppressed, exploited, wretched of the earth

mostowfi

accountant

mullah

derogatory term for cleric ( rouhani)

pasdar

guards

qanat

underground canal

qazi

judge

rouhani

cleric

rousari

headscarf

rowshanfekr

intelligentsia, intellectual

sayyed

male descendant of the Prophet

shahed

martyr

sharia

religious law

takiyeh

religious theater

taziyeh

passion play

tuyul

fief

ulama

clergy

urf

state or customary law

vali

governor

vaqf

religious endowment (plural awqaf )

vatan

homeland, place of birth

velayat-e faqeh

guardianship of the jurist

vezir

minister

A political whos who of modern Iran

AHMAD SHAH (18961929)

The last Qajar monarch. He ascended the throne in 1909 while still a minor and did not come of age until 1914. Lacking real power and fearful for his life, he left the country soon after the 1921 coup. He died in Paris and was buried in Karbala.

AHMADINEJAD, MAHMUD (1956 )

The conservative president elected in 2005. Son of a blacksmith and veteran of the Iraqi war, he won the presidential election campaigning on populist themes. He promised to distribute the oil wealth to the people, revive the revolutionary ideals of Khomeini, and deliver a final blow to the one thousand families who have supposedly ruled the country for centuries. He was supported by some of the most conservative ulama.

ALAM, ASSADALLAH (191978)

The main confidant of Muhammad Reza Shah. From a long line of notables in Sistan and Baluchestan known as the Lords of the Marches, he joined the court in 1946 and served as an advisor to the shah until his death at the beginning of the revolution. Some speculate that his absence explains the shahs vacillations in 197778 and thus the eventual revolution. His posthumously published memoirs, however, support the view that he was very much part of the larger problem.

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