Lawrence Zelic Freedman - Perspectives on terrorism
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Edited by Lawrence Zelic Freedman and Yonah Alexander
Scholarly Resources Inc. Wilmington, Delaware
Page iv
1983 by Scholarly Resources Inc. All rights reserved First published 1983 Second printing 1985 Printed and bound in the United States of America
Scholarly Resources Inc. 104 Greenhill Avenue Wilmington, Delaware 19805
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title:
Perspectives on Terrorism.
Includes index. 1. TerroristsAddresses, essays, lectures. 2. TerroristsPsychologyAddresses, essays, lectures. 3. HostagesAddresses, essays, lectures. 4. TerrorismGovernment policyAddresses, essays, lectures. I. Freedman, Lawrence Zelic, 1919 II. Alexander, Yonah. HV 6431.P47 1983 303.6'25 83-3011 ISBN 0-8420-2201-5
Page v
CONTENTS
Introduction
vii
Contributors
xi
I. Psychological Dimensions of the Terrorist
Terrorism: Problems of the Polistaraxic
By Lawrence Zelic Freedman
3
The Phoenix Complex: Terrorism and the Death of Western Civilization
By Moshe Amon
13
Dialectic Interrelationships of Personal and Political Factors in Terrorism
By Frederick J. Hacker
19
Terrorism and the Psychology of the Self
By John W. Crayton
33
II. The Terrorist in Profile
Profile of a Terrorist
By Charles A. Russell and Bowman H. Miller
45
Infrastructures of Terrorist Organizations
By J. K. Zawodny
61
Women as Terrorists
By Daniel E. Georges-Abeyie
71
A Chapter in the History of Individual Terror: Andrey Zhelyabov
By Zeev Ivianski
85
Page vi
III. Hostage Taking and Its Aftermath
Political Hostage Taking in Western Europe: A Statistical Analysis
By Clive C. Aston
99
Hostage Taking: The Dutch Experience
By Robert Hauben
131
Political Hostages: Sanction and the Recovery Process
By Eric Shaw
143
The Psychopathology of Being Held Hostage
By Robert G. Hillman
157
IV. Responding to Terrorism
Terrorism: Policy, Action, and Reaction
By Anthony C. E. Quainton
169
Problems in Media Coverage of Nonstate-Sponsored Terror-Violence Incidents
By M. Cherif Bassiouni
177
Hostage Negotiations: Dilemmas about Policy
By Nehemia Friedland
201
The Use of Suggestibility Techniques in Hostage Negotiation
By Martin Reiser and Martin Sloane
213
Terrorism and High-Technology Weapons
By Yonah Alexander
225
Index
241
Page vii
INTRODUCTION
Scientists at the Institute of Social and Behavioral Pathology at the University of Chicago began to study assassination and terrorism as special categories of political violence in the early 1960s. The institute's first conference on terrorism1 was held in 1973 at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University under the co-chairmanship of Harold Dwight Lasswell and Lawrence Zelic Freedman, one of the editors of this volume. Many of the seminal ideas that since have become part of the common wisdom, or shared truisms, of the field were first expressed at that meeting.
Starting about a decade ago, there has been a dual flow of communications concerning modern terrorism. Headlines and televised terrorist happenings have raised social anxieties to a high level of worldwide concern. Political scientists and popular pundits, statisticians and intellectuals, and psychiatrists and psychologists have responded with data banks, opinion, and empirical and clinical observations on the perpetrators. Patterns of modes of terrorism have changed so rapidly that models and theories have had to yield to transient techniques and emergent information. Indeed, so limited have been the data that false analogies and marginal homologies have, by necessity, been invoked. For example, the Stockholm Syndrome, a term now widely used to describe the paradoxical or anomalous affection or even loyalty felt by the erstwhile hostage for his kidnappers, arises not from a political terrorist incident, but from a bank robbery in which a female hostage became enamored of one of her captors. But the novelty now has dissipated, the often ingenuous theories and expectations of the early writers have become more focused, and perspectives sharpened.
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