Charles E. Ziegler - Environmental policy in the USSR
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Copyright 1987 by Charles E. Ziegler All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Set in Linotron Trump Mediaeval at G & S Typesetters Printed by Cushing-Malloy and bound by John Dekker & Sons
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ziegler, Charles E. Environmental policy in the USSR. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Environmental policySoviet Union. 2. Environmental protectionSoviet Union. I. Title. HC340.ESZ53 1987 363.7'056'0947 86-11366 ISBN 0-87023-541-9
Page v
For my father and mother
Page vii
Contents
Preface
xi
1 Environmental Protection and the Soviet System
3
2 Soviet Images of the Environment
23
3 Environmental Protection Makes the Agenda: Groups in the Policy Process
45
4 Soviet Law and Environmental Protection
78
5 Soviet Environmental Administration
102
6 Environmental Protection and Soviet Foreign Policy
134
7 Summary and Conclusions
154
Afterword
164
Notes
167
Index
193
Page ix
We look upon the Egyptian pyramids and are horrified by the cruelty and insanity of those who ordered their erection, as well as of those who fulfilled these orders. But how much more cruel and insane are those than the thirty-six storey houses which men of our time erect in cities and are proud of. Around lies the land with its grass, its woods, its pure water, pure air, sun, birds, animals, but men with dreadful effort shut the sun from others and erect thirty-six storey houses, rocked by the wind, where there is neither grass nor trees, and where everything, both water and air, is contaminated, all the food adulterated and spoilt, and life itself tedious and unhealthy. Is this not a sign of manifest madness in a whole society of men, not only to accomplish such insanities, but also to pride themselves upon doing so? LEV TOLSTOI, Essays from Tula
The slogan of the Five Year Plan is "Turn all swamps into deserts!" SOVIET JOKE
Page xi
Preface
American interest in Soviet environmental issues peaked in the early 1970s. At that time, newspapers frequently carried accounts of the tragic pollution of Lake Baikal and of similar ecological problems. The United States and the USSR, in the halcyon days of dtente, signed an agreement to cooperate in environmental protection. Several academic studies were published detailing Soviet use and abuse of the natural environment.
Within a few years, however, interest in the subject waned. Perhaps that is because dtente's demise shifted our attention from the "humanizing" aspect of our common ecological problems and toward issues that separate our two countriesthe battle for influence in the Third World, human rights, and the arms race. One should also remember the preoccupation with material affluence so characteristic of American society in the 1980s. Those who are only minimally aware of, or concerned about, ecological problems in their own country can scarcely be expected to show interest in the difficulties facing other nations.
Could it be that the Soviets themselves have lost interest in the environment? On the contrary. As this study demonstrates, there is more being written about the environment, and more being done to protect it, than at any time in Soviet history. The volume of material on environmental topics published in the USSR is so great that one researcher cannot examine all or even most of it. I have of necessity selected those writings that best illuminate the political workings of the Soviet system. Environmental questions are of course interdisciplinary, and those readers who are not political scientists may deplore my seeming inattention to geographical, economic, or biological aspects of Soviet environmental protection. There is much that cannot be covered in a work of this length. A great deal remains
Page xii
to be done in the field. Compared with the massive number of environmental studies that focus on the United States, Great Britain, or Western Europe, there has been very little research done on Eastern Europe and the USSR.
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