Claude Emerson Welch - Civilian control of the military: theory and cases from developing countries
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Civilian Control of the Military : Theory and Cases From Developing Countries
author
:
Welch, Claude Emerson.
publisher
:
State University of New York Press
isbn10 | asin
:
0873953487
print isbn13
:
9780873953481
ebook isbn13
:
9780585068794
language
:
English
subject
Civil supremacy over the military--Developing countries, Developing countries--Politics and government.
publication date
:
1976
lcc
:
JF195.C5C58eb
ddc
:
322/.5/091724
subject
:
Civil supremacy over the military--Developing countries, Developing countries--Politics and government.
Page v
Civilian Control of the Military
Theory and Cases from Developing Countries
Edited by Claude E. Welch, Jr.
State University of New York Press Albany 1976
Page vi
Published with assistance from the University Awards Committee of State University of New York
First published in 1976 by State University of New York Press 99 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12210
1976 State University of New York All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Civilian control of the military.
Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Civil supremacy over the military. 2. Underdeveloped areasPolitics and government.
I. Welch, Claude Emerson. JF195.C5C58 322.5091724 76-40278 ISBN 0-87395-348-7
Page vii
Contents
Preface
ix
Civilian Control of the Military: Myth and Reality
By Claude E. Welch, Jr.
1
Civilian Control of the Military in India
By Stephen P. Cohen
43
Civilian Control of the Military: Implications in the Plural Societies of Guyana and Malaysia
By Cynthia H. Enloe
65
The Bases of Civilian Control of the Military in the Philippines
By Sherwood D. Goldberg
99
The Dynamics of Party-Military Relations in China
By Parris H. Chang
123
Civilian Control of the Military in Japan
By James H. Buck
149
The Development of Governmental Control Over the Armed Forces of Finland
By William J. Stover
187
Page viii
Civilian Control and the Mexican Military: Changing Patterns of Political Influence
By Franklin D. Margiotta
213
Civilian Control of the Military in Lebanon: A Legislative Perspective
By Abdo I. Baaklini
255
Background to a Coup: Civil-Military Relations in Twentieth-Century Chile and the Overthrow of Salvador Allende
By Albert L. Michaels
283
Two Strategies of Civilian Control: Some Concluding Observations
By Claude E. Welch, Jr.
313
Index
329
Page ix
Preface
One hundred fifty years ago, in his noted book On War, General Carl Maria von Clausewitz penned perhaps the strongest justification for civilian control over the military. Armed forces, he noted, are created by states to engage in war; war itself is an instrument of state policy, a continuation of political intercourse by other means. Accordingly,
The subordination of the political point of view to the military would be contrary to common sense, for policy has declared the War; it is the intelligent faculty, War only the instrument, and not the reverse. The subordination of the military point of view to the political is, therefore, the only thing which is possible.1
What is possible in the realm of theory, and what is actual in the contemporary world, may be far removed. Clausewitz believed in the supremacy of politics, and left to political leaders the key decisions regarding the use of force. He did believe that no professional military officer should arrogate the reins of power, for his duty was obedience to constituted political authority. Clausewitz's maxims seem to be increasingly disregarded. Military intervention in politics has escalated since World War II, and especially in the past fifteen years. Of the independent states in 1961, 12 percent were headed by governments whose leaders had seized power by coups d'etat. By 1966 the percentage had risen to nineteen, by 1972 to twenty-seven.2 The "man on horseback" has become increasingly prominent; military intervention provides a quicker and surer path to the presidential palace than electoral politics.
Page x
The questions that arise are myriad. Can the recent eruption of coups d'etat be attributed primarily to the weakness of civilian control? Or may they be attributed more to the growing strengths of armed forces, its officers aware of the power they wield? Or do conditions exist, particularly in states marked by low levels of economic development, that facilitate intervention? The greatest increase in military involvement in politics has occurred in the Third World, namely, those states marked by limited industrialization, by relatively brief histories of independence (many African and Asian states) or by lengthy histories of military intervention (Latin America), and often by serious problems of ethnic, linguistic, or religious fragmentation. Of seventy-five countries with per capita gross national product under $252 per annum, fifty-eight experienced coups d'etat in the 196072 periodin other words, nearly 80 percent.3 These are the countries in which officers have most readily become political leaders, in the process subordinating the political point of view to the military. Clausewitz has not been vindicated in the contemporary Third World.
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