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Michael C. Coleman - Presbyterian missionary attitudes toward American Indians, 1837-1893

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    Presbyterian missionary attitudes toward American Indians, 1837-1893
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Based on the correspondence of missionaries in the field, this book offers valuable insight unto understanding Protestant attitudes toward the American Indians in the nineteenth century. By focusing upon the work of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the U.S., the book portrays a major Protestant denominations evangelical program to take the Indian from heathenism to gospel light. From its founding in 1837 the board sent over 450 missionaries to at least nineteen diverse and widely separated Indian tribes, with a goal of uplifting them into the Protestant tradition of Christian civilization. These zealous men and women sent back thousands of detailed and often highly personal letters from the Indian field, and this book is based primarily upon that store of correspondence.Seeking to fill the need for critical case studies of individual missionary organizations, this book depicts the missionaries as cultural revolutionaries in the deepest human sense. Moved by a nearly absolute ethnocentrism, they denounced almost every aspect of tribal culture. Among the Indians they found virtually nothing worth incorporating into the codes of Christian civilization. Yet these missionaries resisted racial explanations for what they saw as Indian failings and retained a conviction that individual tribal members were both eligible for eternal salvation and capable of attaining citizenship in the United States.In this book the author places the work of the Board of Foreign Missions in a historical context and presents the goals, methods, backgrounds and motivations of the missionaries. He also examines the cluster of ideas which constituted the Presbyterian definition for Christian civilization.

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title Presbyterian Missionary Attitudes Toward American Indians 1837-1893 - photo 1

title:Presbyterian Missionary Attitudes Toward American Indians, 1837-1893
author:Coleman, Michael C.
publisher:University Press of Mississippi
isbn10 | asin:087805278X
print isbn13:9780878052783
ebook isbn13:9780585208541
language:English
subjectIndians of North America--Public opinion--History--19th century, Choctaw Indians--Public opinion--History--19th century, Nez Perc Indians--Public opinion--History--19th century, Missionaries--United States--Attitudes--History--19th century, Public opini
publication date:1985
lcc:E98.P99C64 1985eb
ddc:973/.0497
subject:Indians of North America--Public opinion--History--19th century, Choctaw Indians--Public opinion--History--19th century, Nez Perc Indians--Public opinion--History--19th century, Missionaries--United States--Attitudes--History--19th century, Public opini
Page iii
Presbyterian Missionary Attitudes
toward American Indians, 1837-1893
Michael C. Coleman
UNIVERSITY PRESS OF MISSISSIPPI
Jackson & London
Page iv
Copyright 1985 by the University Press of Mississippi
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Coleman, Michael C.
Presbyterian missionary attitudes toward American
Indians, 1837-1893.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Indians of North AmericaPublic opinionHistory
19th century. 2. Choctaw IndiansPublic opinion
History19th century. 3. Nez Perc IndiansPublic
opinionHistory19th century. 4. Missionaries
United StatesAttitudesHistory19th century.
5. Public opinionUnited StatesHistory19th century.
6. Choctaw IndiansMissionsHistory19th century.
7. Nez Perc IndiansMissionsHistory19th century.
8. Indians of North AmericaWest (U.S.)Missions
listory19th century. 9. Presbyterian ChurchUnited
StatesMissionsHistory19th century.
10. Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A.MissionsHistory
19th century. I. Title
E98.P99C64 1985 973'.0497 85-7496
ISBN 0-87805-278-X
Page v
To Sirkka,
Donagh, Tiina, and Markus,
and to
my mother and late father
Page vii
Contents
List of Illustrations
viii
Acknowledgments
ix
1. Introduction
3
2. The Mission of the Presbyterian BFM
9
3. The Christian Civilization
33
Picture 2
4. American Indians: "Civilized" Choctaws and "Savage" Nez Perces
52
5. The Condition of the Heathen
79
6. Fettered Freedom
113
7. Not Race, but Grace
139
8. Conclusion
171
Abbreviations Used in Appendix and Notes
179
Appendix
181
Bibliography
189
Index
214

Page viii
Illustrations
Pages 75-78
Spencer Academy, Oklahoma
Alexander Reid, superintendent of Spencer Academy
John Edwards, missionary to the Choctaws
Peter Pitchlynn, chief of the Choctaw Nation
George Ainslie, missionary to the Choctaws and Nez Perces
Sue McBeth, missionary to the Choctaws and Nez Perces
Henry Harmon Spalding, missionary to the far Northwest
Billy Williams, Nez Perce Presbyterian Church elder
Kate McBeth with Nez Perce women
Robert Williams, first Nez Perce ordained to Presbyterian Church
ministry
Archie Lawyer, Nez Perce Presbyterian minister
Maps
Pages 54 and 64
The Choctaw Nation
Nez Perce Country
Page ix
Acknowledgments
This book is the product of much effort beyond the doctoral dissertation stage, but it is based heavily on work done during those years in graduate school in the United States. My most important scholarly debts are to my advisers at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, since 1973: Dr. Charles S. Rosenberg, Dr. Nancy Farriss, Dr. Lee Cassanelli, and Dr. A. F. C. Wallace. Dr. Rosenberg, my chairman, steered me to the American Indian Correspondence (AIC) of Presbyterian missionaries' letters on deposit in the Library of the Presbyterian Historical Society (PHS), Philadelphia, the first week I entered graduate school. He and his colleagues were accessible, encouraging, and willing to listen whenever I needed to talk. Dr. Richard S. Dunn, then chairman of the Department of History, was responsible for offering me the teaching fellowship that allowed me to begin and follow through on my studies. I thank him for his act of faith in an Irishman teaching American history in Finland who wanted to study Indian history. Dr. Muriel Joffe, then a colleague at Penn, offered valuable criticism of my dissertation.
Dr. W. H. A. Williams was my undergraduate adviser at University College, Dublin. He first sparked my serious interest in American history, and has since encouraged me with long, full letters. At a crucial point he helped me decide my future course. He has read an earlier draft of this book, and I fear that I still have not absorbed his rich letter of comments. Dr. Francis Paul Prucha, S.J., received a letter out of the blue from me in 1972. Since then he has continually interested himself in my studies. He too has read a draft of this work, and other of my writings. Dr. Prucha is one of a large number of American scholars who have responded generously to my initially uninvited letters. Dr. William G. McLoughlin has commented at length on parts of this book. Dr. Robert Bannister, Dr. Thomas Brown, Dr. Henry Warner Bowden, and Dr. Donald G. Mathews have read shorter sections.
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