EAST ASIA
HISTORY, POLITICS, SOCIOLOGY, CULTURE
EDITED BY
EDWARD BEAUCHAMP
UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII
A ROUTLEDGE SERIES
OTHER BOOKS IN THIS SERIES:
FORMING THE ACADEMIC PROFESSION IN EAST ASIA
Terri Kim
PRESS IMAGES, NATIONAL IDENTITY, & FOREIGN POLICY
A Case Study of US-Japan Relations from 19551995
Catherine A. Luther
CHANGES IN THE PERMANENT EMPLOYMENT IN JAPAN
Yukari Matsuzuka
CHINESE FEMINISM FACES GLOBALIZATION
Sharon Wesoky
STUDYING THE ENEMY
Japans Hands in Republican China & Their Quest for National Identity
Christiane I. Rheinhold
OPENING THE DOOR
Betsy Brody
SELF-RELIANCE OR SELF-DESTRUCTION?
Success and Failure of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Koreas Development Strategy of Self-Reliance Juche
Phillip Park
THIRD DELIGHT
The lnternationalization of Higher Education in China
Rui Yang
STRUGGLE FOR NATIONAL SURVIVAL
Eugenics in SinoJapanese Contexts, 18961945
Yuehtsen Juliette Chung
THE TRIFURCATING MIRACLE
Corporations, Workers, Bureaucrats, and the Erosion of Japans National Economy
Satoshi lkeda
STATE FORMATION, PROPERTY RELATIONS, & THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOKUGAWA
(16001868)
Grace Kwon
VILLAGE, MARKET AND WELL-BEING IN A RURAL CHINESE TOWNSHIP
Tamara Perkins
RETHINKING JAPANS IDENTITY AND INTERNATIONAL ROLE
An Intercultural Perspective
Susanne Klien
WORDS KILL
Destruction of Class Enemies in China 19491953
Cheng-Chih Wang
JAPANS FOREIGN POLICY MATURATION
A Quest for Normalcy
Kevin J. Cooney
ENGINEERING THE STATE
The Huai River and Reconstruction in Nationalist China, 19271937
David A. Pietz
HISTORY OF JAPANESE POLICIES IN EDUCATION AID TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, 1950s1990s
Tako Kamibeppu
FROM TRANSITION TO POWER ALTERATION
Democracy in South Korea, 19871997
Carl Saxer
A POLITICAL ECONOMY ANALYSIS OF CHINAS CIVIL AVIATION INDUSTRY
Marl Dougan
THE POLITICS OF LOCALITY
Making a Nation of Communities in Taiwan
Hsin-Yi Lu
THE BIBLE AND THE GUN
Christianity in South China, 18601900
Joseph Tse-Hei Lee
First published 2003 by Routledge
Published 2013 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY, 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright 2003 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.
Excerpts from Sow-Thng Leong, Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History, Hakka, Pengmin, and Their Neighbors copyright 1997 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Jr. University appear with permission of Stanford University Press, www.sup.org. Portions of this work previously appeared in The Historian vol. 63:4 (Summer 2001), 75268.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lee, Joseph Tse-Hei, 1971-
The Bible and the gun : Christianity in South China, 1860-1900 / Joseph Tse-Hei Lee.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Missions, AmericanChinaChaozhou RegionHistory19th century. 2. BaptistsMissionsChinaChaozhou RegionHistory19th century. 3. Missions, EnglishChinaChaozhou RegionHistory19th century. 4. Presbyterian ChurchMissionsChinaChaozhou RegionHistory19th century. 5. Chaozhou Region (China)Church history19th century. I. Title.
BV3425.C47 L44 2002
275.127081dc21
2002068077
ISBN 13: 978-0-415-93383-4 (hbk)
In memory of all the civilians
who died in Tiananmen Square, Beijing
in June 1989
CONTENTS
This book is based on a doctoral dissertation written under the supervision of R. G. Tiedemann at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. I would like to express my gratitude for his intellectual guidance during my years of graduate work. His devotion to research has shown me a fine example of what a historian ought to be.
The personnel of numerous libraries and archives, such as the SOAS Library of the University of London, the Union Theological Seminary Library, the Day Missions Library of the Yale Divinity School, the Public Record Office in Britain, the First Historical Archives in Beijing, the Shantou City Archive, the Chaoyang City Archive, the Archives of the Shantou Customs, and the Archives of the History of Christianity in China at the Hong Kong Baptist University, rendered considerable assistance. I also would like to thank Dr. George A. Hood for helping me to gain access to the Private Papers of the late Rev. Dr. John Campbell Gibson from the Gibson Family in Britain.
Many people provided generous hospitality during my fieldwork in China, and I would like to thank Prof. Wang Qingcheng, Prof. Tao Wenzhao, Dr. Xia Hongtu and Ma Zhao for opening many doors for me in Beijing and elsewhere; Zhong Ming, the Rev. Wang Yonghao and the Rev. Chen Yilu in Guangzhou for putting me in contact with the right people; Prof. Huang Ting, Huang Zhiren and the Fr. Huang Bingzhang in Shantou for assistance; the minister and elders of the Protestant Church in Chaoyang City for their hospitality; Li Xufeng and Zhang Wei for sharing with me their extensive knowledge of the history of Chaoyang; Guo Yida and his family for welcoming me to their home in Chaoyang and Beijing; and the Rev. Fang Qinliang in Puning for arranging my field trip to Caikou. Thanks also to the kinship connections of my family, I could gain access to the Baptist and Catholic communities in Kuxi.
Conversations and correspondence with Jane Kate Leonard helped refine some of my ideas on the dynamics of resource conflicts in late imperial China. I have also benefited from teaching an upper-level course on Bible and Gun: Christianity in China since 1500 at the University of North Florida in Jacksonville (20002001) and Pace University in New York City (Spring 2002), and I am grateful to all the students who have taken that course for the very different ideas they have brought to their understanding of Chinese Christianity. I am indebted, too, to many friends and colleagues Daniel H. Bays, John Bradley, Chan Kwok-Shing, Ming K. Chan, Chan Sze-Chi, Fred Y. L. Chiu, Choi Chi-Cheung, Chu Sin-Jan, Julia Deng, Ronald K. Frank, Lars Peter Laamann, Gerald Lee, Ling Oi-Ki, Kathleen Lodwick, Katherine Peavy, Andrew N. Porter, Joan G. Rolland, Rhonda Semple, Guy Thomas, Frans-Paul van der Putten, Sem Vermeersch and the late Prof. Ralph B. Smith for their support and encouragement. Special thanks are due to Prof. Edward R. Beauchamp for his strong recommendation of the manuscript to the Routledge Press.
Material in has been drawn from my article titled The Lord of Heaven Versus Jesus Christ: Christian Sectarian Violence in Late-Nineteenth-Century South China, Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique
