Sal P. Restivo - Science, society, and values: toward a sociology of objectivity
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Science, society, and values: toward a sociology of objectivity
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Restivo offers sociological insights on and analyses of the scientific revolution, scientific progress, laboratory life, science policy, mathematics, and epistemology.
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Science, Society, and Values : Toward a Sociology of Objectivity
author
:
Restivo, Sal P.
publisher
:
Lehigh University Press
isbn10 | asin
:
0934223211
print isbn13
:
9780934223218
ebook isbn13
:
9780585188850
language
:
English
subject
Science--Social aspects, Objectivity.
publication date
:
1994
lcc
:
Q175.5.R46 1994eb
ddc
:
306.4/5
subject
:
Science--Social aspects, Objectivity.
Page iii
Science, Society, and Values
Toward a Sociology of Objectivity
Sal Restivo
Bethlehem: Lehigh University Press London and Toronto: Associated University Press
Page iv
1994 by Associated University Presses, Inc.
All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use. or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by the copyright owner. provided that a base fee of $10.00, plus eight cents per page, per copy is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 27 Congress Street, Salem, Massachusetts 01970. [0-934223-21-1/94 $10.00 + 8 pp, pc.]
Associated University Presses 440 Forsgate Drive Cranbury, NJ 08512
Associated University Presses 25 Sicilian Avenue London WC1A 2QH, England
Associated University Presses P.O. Box 338, Port Credit Mississauga, Ontario Canada L5G 4L8
The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48-1984.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Restivo, Sal P. Science, society and values: toward a sociology of objectivity / Sal Restivo. p. cm. Includes bibliographic references and index. ISBN 0-934223-21-1 (alk. paper) 1. ScienceSocial aspects. 2. Objectivity. I. Title. Q175.5.R46 1994 306.4'5dc20 92-85310 CIP
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Page v
ForJohnandRuthHillUseem
Page vii
Contents
Preface
ix
Acknowledgments
xiii
1. Introduction: The Sociology of Science
3
2. Ecology, Social Organization, and the Scientific Revolution
29
3. Science, Society, and Progress
49
4. The Science Machine
70
5. The Anthropology of Science
102
6. Applied Science Studies
135
7. The Sociology of Objectivity
174
Notes
215
Bibliography
245
Index
263
Page ix
Preface
My work in the sociology of science has been guided by three agendas: to develop a sociological theory of science and scientific knowledge; to use the sociology of science as a vehicle for developing a sociology of objectivity; and to explore the relationships between science, objectivity, and human values. These are not agendas that one starts and finishes in any straightforward way. This book is an invitation to others to follow me along the various roads I have traveled in my quest for ways to live and to inquire. I don't expect that those who make the journey will all agree with everything or anything I've done or concluded. But I do think they will all be provoked to think a little more deeply or a little differently about science. And perhaps by the end of this journey, some at least will understand why and how I have begun to focus my efforts on showing the connection between anarchy and inquiry.
One form of scientism or another has plagued the sociology of science from its emergence in the works of nineteenth and early twentieth century thinkers such as Marx and Weber, through the period between the late 1930s and 1970 dominated by Robert Merton and his students, and into the age of the "new" social studies of science movement that began in the late 1960s. It has contaminated radical and liberal as well as conservative sociologies of science. I do not want to minimize the difficulty of trying to understand science without accepting the culture of science uncritically. But this is precisely what I have tried to do, although only in the course of working through the various problems I have tackled in the sociology of science. As a result, my work has not fallen neatly into the conventional categories of discourse and worldviews in the field.
I have sought more or less independently of readily identifiable la-
Page x
bels and schools to determine the conditions under which we can maximize disinterestedness and a cultural commitment to the primacy of the person (conceived as a product and steward of the community and the environment), and minimize or eliminate all forms of political, military, and religious authority and any tendencies to transform well-founded knowledge into universal Truth. I have tried to sustain a realistic and materialist worldview without becoming a true believer in science. And I have tried to distance myself from relativism in both its antirealism guise and its disinterested science disguise. These strategies, in combination with my insistence that we keep our focus on the human face of science and on struggles to emancipate and liberate human beings, have given my work a distinctive flavor. I have argued that all cultures, communities, and selves are "arenas of objectivity," and that "objectivity communities" compete and contend for success, survival, and growth through the development and use of bodies of knowledge. There are, however, certain social formations that are better than others when it comes to generating knowledge that is minimally contaminated by narrow self and everyday social interests. The project of developing a relevant theory that links social formations, modes of inquiry, and human values is complicated by the necessity of establishing normative limits to inquiry, and the danger of becoming complacent and overconfident about what we "really" know. It now seems evident to me that anarchistic social formations, in the sense intended by such thinkers as Willian Morris, Peter Kropotkin, and Michael Bakunin, are in principle the sources of the most objective and liberating knowledge. It will take the larger part of this book to introduce the various factors that lead to this conclusion. And then it will turn out not that I have built an edifice topped by a theory of anarchy and inquiry, but only that I have built the foundation for such a theory. My most modest expectation is that by the time they reach the end of this book, readers will at least have some appreciation for the nature of my quest.
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