Douthwaite - The Growth Illusion: How economic growth has enriched the few, impoverished the many and endangered the planet
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Anewwayoflookingateconomicgrowthisemergingwhichwillradicallyadjustthewaywetreatthenaturalworld
Politiciansoftenpromisetoraiseourstandardofliving. Whattheydonotsayisthatthiswillinescapablyreducethequalityofourlives.
Capitalismcannotsurvivewithoutgrowth. Firmsarecompelledtoexpandtoavoidcollapse. Intheworldupto1914, thiscompulsionbuiltempires, destroyedindigenousculturesand, finally, ledtoworldwar.
GrowthinBritainduringtheAgriculturalandIndustrialRevolutionsmadelifeprogressivelyworseforordinarypeopleuntilabout1850. Conditionsthenbegantoimprovebutasaresultofdepression, notgrowth. By1914livingconditionsmight, just, havereturnedtotheirleveloftwohundredyearspreviously.
MajoradvancesinthelivingconditionsoftheBritishpeopleresultedfromtwoworldwars, thedepressionsofthetwentiesandthirtiesandthefiercelyredistributivepoliciesofthe1945Labourgovernment. Whenevergrowthappeared, lifeforthemajoritygotworse.
BecauseMrs. Thatcherhadmistakenideasabouttheevilsofinflationandsoughttoaccelerategrowthbyimprovinginvestorsreturns, herthreegovernmentsengineeredamajorshiftinthedistributionofincomesandwealthinfavourofthebetter-off.
Thegrowthprocesspervertsthenationaleconomywithinwhichitworks. Itcausesunemploymentandyetmakeslaborlessaffordable. Itenablestheconcentrationofeconomicpowerandrequiresever-highersharesofnationalincometobespentbythestate.
Itwasnotuntil1955thatacceleratingthegrowthratebecamethemajorBritisheconomicobsession. Sincethenthemethodsusedtogeneratehigherlevelsofoutputhavecausedalargeincreaseinchronicillness.
AlltheindicatorsofthequalityoflifeshowthatthisdeterioratedinBritainbetween1955and1988. Unemploymentsoared, crimeincreasedeightfoldandmanymoremarriagesendedindivorce.
Hasgrowthkeptitspromises? AnexaminationofthechangesinBritainbetweenthe50sandtheendofthe80sshowsthattheprocessbroughtveryfewbenefitsatall.
Becausetheirneedforgrowthforcesfirmstoadoptnewtechnologiesbeforetheirimpactcanbeassessed, environmentaldisasterssuchasthelarge-scalereleaseofCFCsandPCBsareinevitable. Innovationsmustonlybepermittedwhenitisclearthatsocietyandtheenvironmentwillbenefit.
Politiciansaremoreconcernedaboutmaintainingconditionsinwhicheconomicgrowthispossiblethanholdingtheworldsclimateunchanged.
ContinuingtogroweconomicallyisneithernecessaryforthewellbeingoftheDutchpeoplenordesirablefortheirenvironment. Theyare, however, bothunwillingandunabletobringtheprocesstoastop.
IndiahasfoundthatindustrializationhascreatedmanymoreproblemsthanithassolvedandthereisagrowinggroupofpeoplewhowouldliketoseeMahatmaGandhisput-the-weakest-firstpoliciesusedinstead.
Irelandmadeeconomicgrowthitspriorityinthelate1950s. Atfirstitraiseditspeoplesincomesbyintroducinglabor-savingtechnologiesandsendingthosewhomtheprocessmakesredundanttoliveoverseas. Morerecently, ithasdeniedthelargenumbersofpeopleafairshareofthehigherincomesproducedbygrowthbykeepingtheirwageratesdown.
Theonlysustainablesocietyisastablesocietythereisnosuchthingassustainablegrowth. Whataretheprinciplesonwhichsuchasocietycanbebuilt?Inparticular, howcanwestabilizeworldpopulation?
Moralitylostalmostall
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