Janssen - The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2019

Senior Editor: Sarah Janssen

Editor: M. L. Liu

Index Editor: Nan Badgett

Contributors: Francis X. Clooney, Emily J. Dolbear, Robert Famighetti, Marshall Gerometta, Jacqueline Laks Gorman, Richard Hantula, Marc Kissel, Donhae Koo, Laurence A. Marschall, John Mastroberardino, William A. McGeveran Jr., Janet M. Olson, John Rosenthal, S. Ross, Helene Salmon, Peter J. Schmidtke, George W. Smith IV, Edward A. Thomas, Valerie J. Weber, Lori P. Wiesenfeld, Dale Williams

Production: Newgen North America

Design and Production, Year in Pictures: QBS Learning

Design, Cover: Takeshi Takahashi

Photo Research: Edward A. Thomas

For Infobase:

Editorial Director: Laurie E. Likoff

Project Editor: Edward A. Thomas

Front cover: Shutterstock (unless otherwise noted); Foles: AP Images, Gregory Payan; Tesla: SpaceX; Black Panther: Newscom, Marvel Studios/Walt Disney Pictures; Prince Harry/Meghan Markle: AP Images, KGC-03/STAR MAX/Ipx. Back cover: Shutterstock (unless otherwise noted); March for Our Lives: AP Images, Joe Skipper; Trump/Kim: AP Images, Evan Vucci; McCain funeral: AP Images, Ross D. Franklin; Wildfires: AP Images, Marcio Jose Sanchez.

Interior pages: Photos are AP Images unless otherwise noted. Courtesy of the Boston Public Library: The Great Molasses Flood: Leslie Jones Collection, 333. Jimmy Carter Library and Museum: Carter, 503. William J. Clinton Presidential Library: 669. Everett Collection: Domino: Mirrorpix/Courtesy, 814; Franklin: LF Photoshot, 814; Graham: John G. Zimmerman Archive, 814; Hunter: Mary Evans/Ronald Grant, 814; Kidder: TM and Copyright 20th Century-Fox Film Corp., 184; Rae: NBC/Courtesy, 815; Reynolds: Universal/Courtesy, 815; Roth: Bettmann, 815; Simon: Paramount/Courtesy, 815. FEMA: Northridge earthquake, 455. Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum: Ford, 503. Getty Images : Family separation: John Moore, 193, 199; Afghan ambulance attack: Wakil Kohsar/AFP, 194; Russian spies: Matt Cardy, 195; Indonesia disasters: Jewel Samad/AFP, 197; Democratic congressional candidates: Scott Eisen, 200; Korean presidents: Inter-Korean Summit Press Corps/Pool/Anadolu Agency, 674; Bruno Mars: Lester Cohen/NARAS, 812; James Shaw: Jason Davis, 813; Annan: Joel Saget/AFP, 814; Bannister: Mrs. Dulce R. Stuart, 814; Le Guin: Dan Tuffs, 815; Mandela: Jeff Overs/BBC News & Current Affairs, 815; Naipaul, Wolfe: Ulf Andersen, 815; Roth: Bettmann, 815; Spade: David Howells/Corbis, 815. Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum: Vietnam War protest, 450; Johnson, 502. Library of Congress: 444; 446; 448; March on Washington, 450; U.S. presidents, unless otherwise noted, 496-504; 648; 659; 661; 662; 665. NASA: 451. National Archives and Records Administration: 447; D-Day: Army Signal Corps Collection, 449; 463; 465; Grant, 499; 664. NOAA: Hurricane Camille, 328. National Park Service: Constitutional Congress, 442. Newscom: Syrian chemical attack: Syrian Civil Defense White Helmets/Zuma Press, 194; Trail of Tears: Picture History, 443; Aleppo boy: Mahmoud Raslan/Zuma Press, 673; Black Panther: Marvel Studios/Walt Disney Pictures/Album, 812; BTS: PG/BauerGriffin.com/MEGA, 812. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and Library: 453. Reuters: Cloned monkeys: Chinese Academy of Sciences and released by China Daily, 816. City of St. Petersburg/Flickr: 459. Shutterstock: Roseanne, 193; 650-52; 656; 671; Bourdain, 814; Hawking, 814. SpaceX: Tesla, 816. U.S. Army: Spc. Mary L. Gonzalez, CJTF-101 Public Affairs, 670. U.S. Coast Guard: 456. USGS: Hawaii volcano: Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 199; Water on Mars: Astrogeology Science Center, Arizona State University, ESA, INAF. Graphic rendering by Davide Coero Borga, 816. U.S. Senate: McCain, 815. Victoria and Albert Museum: 657. White House: Pete Souza, 457, 458; 461; George W. Bush, Eric Draper, 504; Obama, Pete Souza, 505; Trump, 505; Bush, 814. White House Historical Society: Madison, 496. Yale University: Transcontinental railroad: Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, 445.

Copyright 2019 by Infobase

The World Almanac and The World Almanac and Book of Facts are registered trademarks of Infobase. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, contact:

The World Almanac

An imprint of Infobase

132 West 31st Street

New York, NY 10001

www.worldalmanac.com

Follow us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram

Hardcover

ISBN-13: 978-1-60057-220-3

ISBN-10: 1-60057-220-0

International Standard Serial Number

0084-1382

Paperback

ISBN-13: 978-1-60057-222-7

ISBN-10: 1-60057-222-7

ISBN-13: 978-1-60057-221-0 (eBook)

The World Almanac and Book of Facts is distributed to the trade by Simon & Schuster and to schools and libraries at special discounts by Infobase. For further information, contact (800) 322-8755 or www.Infobase.com.

The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2019

Book printed and bound by LSC Communications, Crawfordsville, IN

Date printed: November 2018

1. Democrats Make Gains in Midterm Elections. In an election, Nov. 6, marked by high turnout, a historically high number of women candidates, and a strategic emphasis on health care, Democrats picked up about 30 seats to gain control of the House of Representatives; in 2019, for the first time, the House will have at least 100 female members. Democrats also gained governorships, including in Midwestern battleground states Michigan and Wisconsin. Republicans tightened control on the U.S. Senate, defeating Democratic incumbents in several states that Pres. Donald J. Trump won in 2016, including Indiana, Missouri, and North Dakota. In Texas, incumbent Sen. Ted Cruz (R) held off a strong challenge from Beto ORourke (D). In a series of pre-election rallies, Pres. Trump emphasized an anti-immigration message, alleging (without evidence) that Democrats supported caravans of largely Central American asylum seekers traveling toward the U.S. On Oct. 26, a Florida man was arrested for allegedly sending more than a dozen bombs to prominent Democrats as well as to CNN.

2. U.S. Policies Seek to Limit Both Undocumented and Authorized Immigration. Under a Jan. 25, 2017, executive order expanding U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcements (ICE) apprehension priorities, ICE arrested more than 143,000 undocumented immigrants in fiscal year 2017 (up from 114,000 in FY2016) and almost 120,000 in 9 months in FY2018. Atty. Gen. Jeff Sessions announced, Apr. 6, 2018, a zero tolerance policy, essentially calling for prosecution of all unauthorized border crossers. The policy led to separation at the border of more than 2,600 children from detained family members. Although a federal judge, June 26, ordered the government to reunite all families within 30 days, about 245 of the children remained separated as of Oct. 15. Sec. of State Mike Pompeo announced, Sept. 17, that the U.S. would admit a maximum of 30,000 refugees in FY2019, down from 45,000 for FY2018, and 110,000 for FY2017. In a series of actions, Sept. 2017-May 2018, the Trump administration ended temporary protected status (TPS)effectively, work authorization and relief from deportationfor more than 400,000 people in the U.S. from El Salvador, Haiti, Nicaragua, Sudan, Nepal, and Honduras. A federal court ruling, Oct. 3, 2018, temporarily blocked ending TPS for the first four countries pending legal challenges.