Rajmohan Gandhi - Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter
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Eight Lives: A Study of the Hindu-Muslim Encounter
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The greater part of this publication was prepared under a grant from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C. The statements and views expressed herein are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Wilson Center.
Published by State University of New York Press, Albany
1986 State University of New York
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
For information, address State University of New York Press, State University Plaza, Albany, N.Y., 12246
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gandhi, Rajmohan. Eight lives.
Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. MuslimsIndiaBiography. I. Title. BP63.I4G36 1985 305.6'971'054 [B] 85 26066 ISBN 0-88706-196-6 ISBN 0-88706-197-4 (pbk.)
Page v
Contents
Preface
ix
One Hindus And Muslims
1
Two Sayyid Ahmed Khan 18171898
19
Three Muhammad Iqbal 18761938
47
Four Muhammad Ali 18781931
81
Five Muhammad Ali Jinnah 18761948
123
Page vi
Six Fazlul Huq 18731962
189
Seven Abul Kalam Azad 18881958
219
Eight Liaqat Ali Khan 18951951
255
Nine Zakir Husain 18671969
279
Ten Conclusion
311
Bibliography
319
References and Notes
323
Index
353
Page vii
For Sonu, Bhaiya, Leela, Divya, Amrita, Supriya, Debu and all those whose forebears, famous or unknown, shed tears, sweat, and blood on the earth of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Page ix
Preface
Behind these pages lies a wish to see a bridging of the gaps that distance Indians from Pakistanis and Bangladeshis, as well as the gaps, whether similar or not, that still divide India's Hindus from their Muslim counterparts. The resentments and suspicions that have produced the gaps are hard; if they are to crumble, statesmanship in the subcontinent's rulers and wisdom in the populace will be required. But these resentments and suspicions are linked to ignorance. On the whole Indians know little about Pakistan and Pakistanis, or about Bangladesh and Bangladeshisand vice versa. On the whole Hindus know little about the subcontinent's Muslimsand vice versa.
Though the Muslim question has pursued me from my childhood, I allowed a lot of time to pass before attempting a serious understanding of the subcontinent's Muslims. Like many of my compatriots I mouthed the fact that India was the world's second largest Muslim country but I had not cared to study the history of the subcontinent's Muslims or the impulses that moved them.
I was ignorant but not, I recognized with some concern, more so than most of my non-Muslim compatriots, including highly educated ones. Thus, to give only two revealing examples, they did not know, as I had not known, that the Qur'an had a verse that unambiguously frowned upon compulsion in religion, or that it spoke more than once of God sending prophets to all nations and peoples. Muslims have been similarly uninformed about Hindu beliefs and points of view. Hence these pages, an attempt to reduce the understanding gap.
A stimulus for this attempt was the study I made for a biography of
Page x
Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, or Rajaji, as Indians know him, who strove for freedom and became, following the Raj's withdrawal, India's first Indian head of state. His stance on the Hindu-Muslim question was criticized as appeasing by his colleagues in the Indian National Congress, the body that led India's freedom struggle, but it did not satisfy the Muslim League, the body that won Pakistan. My study for the biography whetted my interest in the Hindu-Muslim question, apart from underlining that it was central and difficult.
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