Thomas A. Hollihan - Arguments and Arguing: The Products and Process of Human Decision Making, Third Edition

Hollihan-Baaske 3E.book Page i Monday, October 19, 2015 1:30 PM THIRD EDITION ARGUMENTS & ARGUING Hollihan-Baaske 3E.book Page ii Monday, October 19, 2015 1:30 PM Hollihan-Baaske 3E.book Page iii Monday, October 19, 2015 1:30 PM THIRD EDITION ARGUMENTS & ARGUING The Products and Process of Human Decision Making Thomas A. Hollihan University of Southern California Kevin T. Baaske California State University, Los Angeles WAVELAND PRESS, INC. Long Grove, Illinois Hollihan-Baaske FrontMatter.fm Page iv Wednesday, October 28, 2015 12:11 PM For information about this book, contact: Waveland Press, Inc. 4180 IL Route 83, Suite 101 Long Grove, IL 60047-9580 (847) 634-0081 info@waveland.com www.waveland.com Cover, Africa Studio/Shutterstock.com; Color insert, 1. Rex Shutterstock; 2.

Courtesy Ronald Reagan Library; 3. Ted Thai/The LIFE Images Collection/Getty Images; 4. John Barry di Nicola/Shutterstock.com; 5. Tupengato/Shutterstock.com; 6. CREATISTA/Shutterstock.com; 7. Neydstock/Shutterstock.com; 8.

Frederic Legrand COMEO/Shutterstock.com; 9. a katz/ Shutterstock.com; 10. Rex Shutterstock; 12. Olena Saskochenko/Shutterstock.com; 13. Image Source/Ocean/Corbis; p. 184, akg-images/The Image Works Copyright 2016, 2005, 1994 by Thomas A.

Hollihan and Kevin T. Baaske 10-digit ISBN 1-4786-2929-0 13-digit ISBN 978-1-4786-2929-0 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Hollihan-Baaske 3E.book Page v Monday, October 19, 2015 1:30 PM Contents Preface ix PART I: PRINCIPLES OF ARGUMENTATION Argumentation as a Human Symbolic Activity Senses of the Term Argument 4 Argumentation and Individual Decision Making 7 Argumentation and Democratic Decision Making 8 Argumentation and Values 10 Ethics and Argumentation 13 Summary 15 Key Terms 15 Activities 16 Recommended Readings 16 Notes 17 The Foundations of Argument The Narrative Paradigm 26 The Limits of Argument 30 The Study of Argumentation 32 Summary 32 Key Terms 33 Activities 33 Recommended Readings 34 Notes 34 Audiences and Fields of Argument Knowing Your Audience 38 Assessing Your Audience 39 People Evaluate Arguments Differently 45 The Principle of Presence 46 Argument Fields 48 Summary 51 Key Terms 51 Activities 51 Recommended Readings 52 Notes 53 v Hollihan-Baaske 3E.book Page vi Monday, October 19, 2015 1:30 PM vi Contents The Language of Argument Understanding Language 57 Language and Good Stories 60 Metaphor 68 Summary 71 Key Terms 71 Activities 71 Recommended Readings 73 Notes 73 Argumentation and Critical Thinking Propositions 76 Types of Propositions 77 The Techniques for Analyzing Propositions 80 Summary 93 Key Terms 94 Activities 94 Recommended Readings 95 Notes 95 Types of Arguments Inductive Arguments 97 Deductive Arguments 103 The Deductive Syllogism 105 The Toulmin Model 109 Summary 112 Key Terms 113 Activities 113 Recommended Readings 113 Notes 114 The Grounds for Argument Premises 116 Examples 123 Statistics 124 Testimony 129 Summary 134 Key Terms 134 Activities 135 Recommended Readings 135 Notes 135 Building Arguments Defining Research 137 Planning the Research Process 138 Sources of Information 139 How to Record the Evidence 147 What to Look for When Researching 149 Organizing Your Advocacy 152 Summary 154 Key Terms 154 Activities 155 Recommended Readings 155 Notes 156 Hollihan-Baaske 3E.book Page vii Monday, October 19, 2015 1:30 PM Contents vii Refuting Arguments The Refutation Process Defined 157 Focused Listening (Step One) 158 Critically Evaluating Arguments (Step Two) 159 Formulating a Response (Step Three) 167 Presenting Your Response (Step Four) 170 Summary 173 Key Terms 174 Activities 174 Recommended Readings 174 Notes 175 Visual Argument Physical Images 178 The Power of Images 183 Tests of Visual Arguments 185 Summary 187 Key Terms 187 Activities 187 Recommended Readings 188 Notes 188 PART II: ARGUMENTATION IN SPECIALIZED FIELDS Academic Debate: Overview The Debate Orientation 193 The Resolution 194 Three Types of Academic Debating 195 Format 197 The Nature of Debate Arguments 199 Flow Sheeting as Systematic Note Taking 207 Summary 212 Key Terms 212 Activities 212 Recommended Readings 213 Notes 213 Academic Debate: Additional Insights The Resolution 215 Hasty Generalizations 219 Plans and Counterplans 220 Thinking Strategically 223 Specialized Debate Formats 225 Summary 230 Key Terms 230 Activities 231 Recommended Readings 231 Notes 232 Argumentation in Politics: Campaigns and Debates Issues and Voters 234 Voter Attitudes 236 Hollihan-Baaske 3E.book Page viii Monday, October 19, 2015 1:30 PM viii Contents Campaigns as Stories 238 The Structure and Form of Campaign Arguments 244 Political Debates 245 Summary 248 Key Terms 248 Activities 248 Recommended Readings 249 Notes 250 Argumentation and the Law The US Judicial System 254 The Assumptions of the System 255 The AttorneyClient Relationship 258 The Role of Attorneys in Pretrial Phases 259 The Role of Attorneys in the Trial 264 Summary 269 Key Terms 269 Activities 270 Recommended Readings 270 Notes 271 Argumentation in Business and Organizations Competing Interests in Organizations 273 Preparing Arguments to Meet Objectives 276 Shaping the Message: Devising Strategies 278 The Oral Presentation 282 Encountering Resistance 284 Follow-Up Activities 285 Summary 286 Key Terms 286 Activities 286 Recommended Readings 287 Notes 287 Argumentation in Interpersonal Relationships Arguing and Conflict Mediation Strategies 290 A Conversational Theory of Argument 292 Strategic Dimensions of Conversational Argument 296 Argumentation and Self-Esteem 297 The Importance of Empathic Listening 298 Summary 299 Key Terms 299 Activities 300 Recommended Readings 300 Notes 301 Appendix A: Transcripts of Two Convention Acceptance Speeches, 2012 303 Appendix B: Commemoration Speech 317 Appendix C: Address to Joint Session of Congress 323 Appendix D: Case Study for Analysis 331 Glossary 351 Index 361 Hollihan-Baaske 3E.book Page ix Monday, October 19, 2015 1:30 PM Preface Arguments and Arguing: The Products and Process of Human Decision Making, Third Edition, is intended to meet the needs of students enrolled in undergraduate courses in argumentation. Because the text also introduces students to rhetorical theory, and to many of the most important theorists, the book may also be suitable for courses in rhetoric. The book offers chapters on arguing in specialized fields and contexts, including academic debate, courts of law, politics, business and organizations, and interpersonal communication.

Thus it may also be of interest to those seeking a text book for courses in those areas. Why This Book at This Time? This is the third edition of this book. The first edition appeared more than twenty years ago, and the second edition more than ten years ago. Revisiting this manuscript for the third time has been an interesting experience. We have been simultaneously impressed by how much the world has changed and how much it has remained the same. Although there have been many advances in argumentation theory and research since this book first appeared, we have discovered that the fundamental prin ciples of argumentation that we wrote about in earlier editions are still relevant today.

Those instructors who are familiar with earlier editions will find that this edition attempts to remain faithful to the general outline and structure of earlier editions. Our task in this revision is to include fresh, new, and recent examples to illustrate the con cepts and theories discussed in the text. Surprisingly, however, the new examples are similar to those we discussed earlier. The controversies that we discussed in the first editionwars in the Middle East, arguments about the need for government inter vention to improve access to health care in the United States, arguments about com peting strategies to address problems such as economic growth and income inequality, and the emphasis on image and negative messaging in US political cam paignscontinue and indeed have worsened today. The most noteworthy changes in this edition are an even greater focus on changes in the media environment, the increased importance of networked social media, and a newly added chapter on the power of visual arguments. ix Hollihan-Baaske 3E.book Page x Monday, October 19, 2015 1:30 PM x Preface As is the case with many textbooks, the first edition of this book was written because we both taught argumentation at the undergraduate and graduate levels and were frustrated that the books available to us did not suit the approach that we took in our classes.