Richard L. Clutterbuck - Guerrillas and Terrorists
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RIOT AND REVOLUTION IN SINGAPORE AND MALAYA 19451963Faber and Faber
LIVING WITH TERRORISMFaber and Faber
Page 5
Guerrillas and Terrorists
RICHARD CLUTTERBUCK
OHIO UNIVERSITY PRESS ChicagoAthens, OhioLondon
Page 6
Originally Published by Faber and Faber Limited, London, 1977
First American Edition Published by The Ohio University Press 1980
ISBN 0-8214-0590-X clothbound ISBN 0-8214-0592-6 paperbound Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 80-83219
Copyright 1977 by Richard Clutterbuck Reprinted in the United States of America All Rights Reserved
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DEDICATEDto the memory of Professor G. S. R. KITSON CLARK of Trinity College, Cambridge, who was my host and companion throughout the 197576 Lees-Knowles Lectures in what proved to be the last weeks of his life. He has left us a lasting legacy from his long life, both in his writings and in our memory of him. It is consoling to record that he died as he would have wished reading a book in his room at Trinity a few hours after dining in Hall.
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Contents
Preface
11
1 Conflict for our time
13
2 Rooted in history
22
3 Lessons from South East Asia
33
4 Peaceful use of military forces
48
5 Northern Ireland
60
6 The Palestinians
76
7 The Terrorist International
85
8 Protection against terrorism
96
9 The price to pay
106
Bibliography
117
Index
121
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Preface
The theme of this book is that terrorismthe attack on an individual to frighten and coerce a large number of othersis as old as civilization itself. It is the recourse of a minority or even of a single dissident frustrated by the inability to make society shift in the desired direction by what that society regards as 'legitimate' means. It is primarily an attack on the rule of law, aimed either to destroy it or (as in more recent times) to change it radically to conform to the terrorist's own idea of society.
To protect itself from this coercion, and to protect its people's lives and possessions, a society needs an awareness of what the terrorists are trying to achieve, and a high degree of public co-operation with its policemen and soldiers. We need to understand how this kind of war is fought on both sides if we are to know how best to help those who are fighting, win it.
In this, the mass media play a vital role; they can both hinder and help but, providing that the police and the public understand what the press and television can do and co-operate with them, they are much more likely to help. In most countries, sadly, the media tell the people what the government wants them to be told, but in the relatively few remaining free societies it works the other way round; the media live by attracting viewers and readers and they can achieve this best by striking a chord with the section of the public for whom they cater. The overwhelming majority of the public detest political violence and terrorism and wish to help the police to defeat them. So, given the chance, the media will reflect this feeling. My purpose in writing this book is to contribute to the understanding and co-operation between the police, the public and the media.
This was the aim of the six Lees-Knowles Lectures which I gave at Cambridge University in 197576 and on which this book
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is based. I am immensely grateful to the Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, who administers the Lees-Knowles bequest and hosts these Lectures. Rather than bore my audience by pontificating on contemporary theory about violence and revolution, I tried to focus a beam of light in turn on some of the vital lessons to be learnt from conflicts which may have been obscured by excessive analysissuch as those in Vietnam, Malaya and Northern Ireland, and those involving Palestinian guerrillas inside and outside the Middle East. These cover both urban and rural guerrilla conflicts, and I also included an interlude on how the ability of organized bodies of soldiers to take care of themselves in remote parts of the world can be put to constructive use when they do not have to fight, in order to help remove some of the seeds of injustice and deprivation which might later lead to violence.
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OHIO UNIVERSITY PRESS
Athens, Ohio