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Stuart Yikona - Pirate trails: tracking the illicit financial flows from pirate activities off the Horn of Africa

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Pirate trails: tracking the illicit financial flows from pirate activities off the Horn of Africa: summary, description and annotation

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Traditionally piracy has produced sentimental notions of adventure, freedom, and independence. However, piracy is a criminal act and often involves high levels of violence that can have a devastating impact on the victims. 21st Century piracy has evolved into a highly complex system involving a cast of characters, each motivated by a mix of economic and social reasons. While the focus of the international community has been on dealing with piracy through counter piracy operations that include naval, air, and military operations, this book attempts to understand the illicit financial flows from the proceeds of piracy and to espouse the cause for the detection, disruption, and confiscation of proceeds from acts of piracy.

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A WORLD BANK STUDY

Pirate Trails

Tracking the Illicit Financial Flows from Pirate
Activities off the Horn of Africa

2013 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development The World Bank - photo 1

2013 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank

1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433

Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org

Some rights reserved

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World Bank Studies are published to communicate the results of the Banks work to the development community with the least possible delay. The manuscript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formally edited texts.

This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. Note that The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content included in the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of the content contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you.

The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.

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This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (CC BY 3.0) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions:

AttributionPlease cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2013. Pirate Trails: Tracking the Illicit Financial Flows from Pirate Activities off the Horn of Africa. A World Bank Study. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-9963-7.

TranslationsIf you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation.

All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: .

ISBN (paper): 978-0-8213-9963-7

ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-0041-2

DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-9963-7

Cover photo: iStock.com/GBlakeley. Cover design: Corporate Visions, Inc.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in Publication Data has been requested.

Contents

Acknowledgments

Contributors

Abbreviations

Executive Summary

Somali Piracy: Criminal Networks

Main Recommendations

Section I

Introduction

Chapter 1

I Am a Pirate

Why This Study?

Pirate Financiers and Pirates

The Pirates Talk

Key Terms Used in the Study

Outline of the Study

Notes

Chapter 2

The Context for This Study

Audience

Methodological Framework

Notes

Chapter 3

Background on Piracy

Origins of Somali Piracy

Current Situation in Somalia

Somali Piracy: A Gateway out of Poverty

Criminal Influence on the Economy

Somali Pirate Networks

The Somali Piracy Business Model

Somali Piracy: Problems and Responses

Notes

Section II

Understanding the Financial Flows

Chapter 4

Ransoms

Starting Point: Law Firms Negotiating Ransoms

How Much Money Are We Talking About?

Explaining the Peak of 2011 and the Decrease in 2012

Notes

Chapter 5

Distributing the Proceeds

Low-Level PiratesFoot Soldiers

Monies Flowing to Local Communities

The Lions Share: How Do Financiers Invest and Benefit from Piracy?

The Artisanal Scheme

The Cooperative Scheme

The Individualistic Scheme

How to Get the Cash inside Somalia to Prepare an Operation

Financiers Abroad

Notes

Chapter 6

How Are the Proceeds Moved?

Financial Wire Transfers

Trade-Based Money Laundering

Misuse of Money or Value Transfer Services (MVTS)

Cross-Border Cash Smuggling

Looking Forward: New Trends in Moving Money to and from Somalia

Notes

Chapter 7

How Do Pirate Financiers Invest Their Proceeds?

Overview of Reported Pirate Financiers Investments within Somalia

Investments in Legitimate Business Activities

Pirate Financiers Using Their Proceeds for Other Criminal Activities

Pirate Financiers Engaging in Smuggling and Trafficking

Notes

Chapter 8

Khat and Real Estate

Khat

Khat Trade in Kenya

Piracy and Khat

The Real Estate Market

Piracy Financial Flows and Real Estate

Suspicion of Ransom Payments in the Real Estate Sector

Notes

Section III

Conclusion

Chapter 9

Main Findings and Recommendations for Policy Engagement

Main Recommendations

Appendix A

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