A History of Global Health
A History of Global Health
Interventions into the Lives of Other Peoples
Randall M. Packard
Institute for the History of Medicine
Johns Hopkins University
Johns Hopkins University Press | Baltimore
2016 Johns Hopkins University Press
All rights reserved. Published 2016
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Packard, Randall M., 1945 , author.
Title: A history of global health : interventions into the lives of other peoples / Randall M. Packard.
Description: Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Description based on print version record and CIP data provided by publisher; resource not viewed.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015042993 (print) | LCCN 2015041793 (ebook) | ISBN 9781421420349 (electronic) | ISBN 1421420341 (electronic) | ISBN 9781421420325 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 1421420325 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781421420332 (pbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 1421420333 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Global Healthhistory. | History, 19th Century. | History, 20th Century. | History, 21st Century.
Classification: LCC RA441 (print) | LCC RA441 (ebook) | NLM WA 11.1 | DDC 362.1dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015042993
A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
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For my grandsons, Max and Dom, who I hope will live in a world in which health for all is more than a slogan
CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
ARV | antiretroviral drug |
BCG | bacille Calmette-Gurin (vaccine) |
CCM | country coordinating mechanism |
CDC | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
CRHP | Comprehensive Rural Health Project (Jamkhed) |
CVI | Childrens Vaccine Initiative |
DALY | disability-adjusted life-year |
DDT | dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane |
DEVTA | deworming and enhanced vitamin A |
DSP | Departamento do Salud Pblica / Department of Public Health (Mexico) |
ECLA | Economic Commission for Latin America |
EPI | Expanded Programme on Immunization |
EPTA | Expanded Programme for Technical Assistance |
FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization |
FSA | Farm Security Administration |
GATT | General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade |
GAVI | Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations |
GFF | Global Financing Facility (World Bank) |
GOBI | growth monitoring, oral rehydration, breastfeeding, and immunization |
GPA | Global Program on AIDS |
GPEI | Global Polio Eradication Initiative |
HAART | highly active antiretroviral therapy |
HSS | health-systems strengthening |
IC | Interim Commission |
ICA | International Cooperation Administration |
IHB | International Health Board (Rockefeller Foundation) |
IHD | International Health Division (Rockefeller Foundation) |
IIAA | Institute of Inter-American Affairs, Health Division |
ILO | International Labour Organization |
IMF | International Monetary Fund |
IPPF | International Planned Parenthood Federation |
IPV | inactivated polio vaccine |
IRB | institutional review board |
ISA | Institute for Social Anthropology (Smithsonian Institution) |
ITC | International Tuberculosis Campaign |
ITN | insecticide-treated bed net |
KAP | knowledge, attitudes, and practices |
LFA | local fund agent |
LNHO | League of Nations Health Organization |
MEP | Malaria Eradication Programme |
MSF | Mdicins Sans Frontires / Doctors Without Borders |
NGO | nongovernmental organization |
NPC | National Planning Committee (India) |
OFRRO | Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Operations |
OPR | Office of Population Research (Princeton University) |
OPV | oral polio vaccine |
PAHO | Pan American Health Organization |
PASB | Pan American Sanitary Bureau |
PEPFAR | Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief |
PHC | primary health care |
PIH | Partners In Health |
PrEP | pre-exposure prophylactic (drug therapy) |
RBM | Roll Back Malaria Partnership |
RCT | randomized controlled trial |
SAP | structural adjustment policy |
SEP | Smallpox Eradication Programme |
SPHC | selective primary health care |
TPC | Technical Preparatory Committee |
UNDP | United Nations Development Programme |
UNESCO | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
UNFPA | United Nations Fund for Population Activities |
UNICEF | United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund |
UNRRA | United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration |
USAID | United States Agency for International Development |
VAC | vitamin A capsule |
WFB | World Food Board |
WHA | World Health Assembly |
WHO | World Health Organization |
WTO | World Trade Organization |
ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES
Illustrations
Tables
A History of Global Health
INTRODUCTION
Ebola
I N EARLY DECEMBER 2013, a two-year-old boy named Emile Ouomuono became very ill. He had a fever and black stools and was vomiting. Emile lived in the village of Meliandou in southeast Guinea, a few miles from the countrys borders with Liberia and Sierra Leone. Four days after developing these symptoms, he died. Emile was buried in his village. Soon afterward, on December
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