Jerry Bentley - Traditions & Encounters: A Brief Global History, Volume I: To 1500, Second Edition

Traditions & ENCOUNTERS

SECOND EDITION

A BRIEF GLOBAL HISTORY
VOLUME I: TO 1500

JERRY H. BENTLEY
University of Hawaii

HERBERT F. ZIEGLER
University of Hawaii

HEATHER E. STREETS-SALTER
Washington State University

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bentley, Jerry H., 1949

Traditions and encounters : a brief global history / by Jerry H. Bentley, Herbert F. Ziegler, and Heather E. Streets-Salter. -- 2nd ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-13: 978-0-07-338551-8 (alk. paper)

MHID: 0-07-338551-4 (alk. paper)

1. World history--Textbooks. 2. Intercultural communication--History--Textbooks. I. Ziegler, Herbert F., 1949 II. Streets-Salter, Heather E. III. Title. IV. Title: Traditions and encounters.

IV. Title: Traditions and encounters.

D20.B42 2006
909dc22 2009005923

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a Web site does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill, and McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.

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PART I
THE EARLY COMPLEX SOCIETIES, 3500 TO 500 B.C.E.

PART II
THE FORMATION OF CLASSICAL SOCIETIES, 500 B.C.E. TO 500 C.E.

PART III
THE POSTCLASSICAL ERA, 500 TO 1000 C.E.

PART IV
AN AGE OF CROSS-CULTURAL INTERACTION, 1000 TO 1500 C.E.

This book qualifies dates as B.C.E. (Before the Common Era) or C.E. (Common Era). In practice, B.C.E. refers to the same epoch as B.C. (Before Christ), and C.E. refers to the same epoch as A.D. (Anno Domini, a Latin term meaning in the year of the Lord). As historical study becomes a global, multicultural enterprise, however, scholars increasingly prefer terminology that does not apply the standards of one society to all the others. Thus reference in this book to B.C.E. and C.E. reflects emerging scholarly convention concerning the qualification of historical dates.

Measurements of length and distance appear here according to the metric system, followed by their English-system equivalents in parentheses.

The book transliterates Chinese names and terms into English according to the pinyin system, which has largely displaced the more cumbersome Wade-Giles system. Transliteration of names and terms from other languages follows contemporary scholarly conventions.

HOW IS IT POSSIBLE TO MAKE SENSE OF THE ENTIRE HUMAN PAST?

W ORLD HISTORY IS ABOUT PEOPLE . But it is easy to lose people in the telling of history. Traditions and Encounters: A Brief Global History is not merely a recounting of the facts of history. Rather, we wanted to tell the story of people in history, the traditions they embraced and the encounters with other cultures that brought about inevitable change.

It is the interaction of these traditions and encounters that provides the key to making sense of our past. Human communities furthered themselves not by remaining isolated, but by interacting with others and exploring the benefits and risks of reaching out. The vitality of historyand its interpretationlies in understanding the nature of individual traditions and the scope of encounters that punctuated every significant event in human history.

Traditions & Encounters: A Brief Global History provides a global vision of history that grows increasingly meaningful in a shrinking world. The theme of traditions draws attention to the formation, maintenance, and sometimes collapse of individual societies. Because the worlds peoples have also interacted regularly with one another since the earliest days of human history, the theme of encounters directs attention to communications, interactions, networks, and exchanges that have linked individual societies to their neighbors and others in the larger world.

Traditions & ENCOUNTERS

T ELLING T HE S TORY OF P EOPLE

The themes of traditions and encounters are at the heart of every chapter in the text. They provide a lens through which to interpret the affairs of humankind and the pressures that continue to shape history. All aspects of the text support these themesfrom the organization of chapters, engaging stories of the worlds peoples, to the robust map program and critical-thinking features.

We discuss the worlds development through time by organizing it into seven eras of global history. These eras, treated successively in the seven parts of this book, represent coherent epochs that form the larger architecture of world history as we see it. Every region of the world is discussed in each of the seven eras. The eras owe their coherence in large part to the networks of transportation, communication, and exchange that have linked peoples of different societies at different times in the past. This structure allows us to make cross-cultural comparisons that help frame world history for students to put events in a perspective that renders them more understandable.