Vargas Joao H. Costa - Never Meant to Survive

P art of the research presented here was funded by two LLILAS/ Mellon Summer Research Fellowships (2006, 2007), and a Summer Research Grant from the Center for African and African American Studies (2005)both at the University of Texas at Austin. An Andrew W. Mellon postdoctoral fellowship on Race, Crime, and Justice, at the Vera Institute of Justice in New York City, between 2002-2004, allowed for some of the initial writings to be completed and discussed. Tim Ross, Khalil Muhammad, Hester Lyons, Jon Wool, Chris Stone and many others at Vera made valuable contributions. Thank you.

This work draws on, and is part of an ongoing dialogue with the wisdoms, courage and beauty of companheir@s in the Black Diaspora struggle, in the United States and in Brazil.

In Los Angeles, at the Coaltion Against Police Abuse and Community in Support of the Gang Truce: Michael, Bilal, Twilight, Mabe, Florence, Red, Jasone, Tony, and many others. In Rio de Janeiro, at the Jacarezinho neighborhood association: Arlete, Regina, Antnio Carlos, Rumba, Biquinho; the Movimento Popular de Favelas: all organizers of various Black Rio communities, as well as Itamar, Iracema, and Jurema; at Sem-prenegro, Magali Almeida, and at Criola: Lcia Xavier, Jurema Werneck, Snia Santos, and Luciane Rocha; in Leimert Park, LA, musicians, visual artists, healers, and poets: Phil Farris, Tracy, Ralph Gibson, Don Muhammad, Rizza Kalilullah, Juno Lewis, Billy Higgins, Richard Fulton. Juno, Billy, and Richard have passed, but their beautiful spirits are always with me. Thank you.

Joy James made this book possible. She, Charles Hale, and Dylan Rodriguez have not only read the whole thing, but provided generous commentaries that much improved the manuscript. Drs. Susan Gordon and Edmund W. Gordon contributed to conversations about genocide while i was at the Cejjes Institutes W. E. B. Du Bois House for Visiting Scholars in Pomona, NY. At Rowman & Littlefield, Alan McClare, Michael Mc-Gandy, and Catherine Forrest Getzie made the publishing process smooth and efficient. Thank you.

George Lipsitz read most of this at different times; his mentorship, support and friendship are in every line i try to write. Faye Harrison, Jemima Pierre, and Nichole Rustin provided important commentaries on different chapters. At Williamstown, the evening before the conference on Policing the Black Body, Joy James, Kim Holder, Frank Wilderson III, Edmund Gordon, Jared Sexton, and Kara Lynch much helped me think through the genocide argument. Claudine Michel, George Lipsitz, and the department of Black Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara organized the conference on Multiethnic Alliances in 2007; at the occasion, Claudine, George, Howard Winant, Nadge Clitandre, and Clyde Woods were generous with their insights and suggestions. Thank you

Members, participants, and supporters of the African Diaspora Graduate program in Anthropology in Austin provide the much needed fresh ideas on Black liberation: Adam Williams, Andria de Souza, Alix Chapman, Alysia Childs, Amari Johnson, Amy Brown, Athayde Motta, Brbara Abadia-Rexach, Briana Mohan, Celeste Henery, Chris Loperena, Courtney Morrison, Damien Schnyder, Jacqueline Plvora, Jaime Alves, Jason Cato, Juli Grigsby, Mrcia Lopes, Martin Perna, Mitsy Chanel-Blot, Mohan Ambikaipaker, Naomi Reed, Nedra Lee, Nora Deveny-Valiela, Pablo Gonzalez, Raquel de Souza, Samori Camara, Silvia Lorenso, Snia Santos, and many others whose names escape me but whose ideas make an impact. It has been gratifying to work on the consolidation and expansion of the program with Jafari Allen, Maria Franklin, Edmund Gordon, Jemima Pierre, and Christen Smith. Edmund Gordon and Omi Osun Olomo selflessly, with beauty and might, coordinate our Quilombo, otherwise known as the Center for African and African American Studies in the middle of the plantation, together with the invaluable work of Stephanie Lang, Jin Lee, and John Flemming. In the Anthropology department, Pam Becker, Adriana Dingman, Gabby Yearwood, and Jenni Jones are always helpful and friendly. After years of planning, the African Diaspora program and course finally took off in Rio, in collaboration with Semprene-gro at the Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, and Criola. Six weeks of intense and gratifying work with some of the most impressive Black activists have kept me hopeful and attuned to wider horizons. Even though i cant remember all your names, your insurgent spirits are present and strong: Snia, Athayde, Magali, Lcia, Jurema, Luciane, Conceio, Ana Flvia, Maria Estela, Margarida, Paula, Marina, Elielma, Rosenilda, Marco Antnio, Daniele, Luciene, Jurema, Eliana, Daiane, and Oswaldo. Ted and Christen, i appreciate your hard work and putting up with me while in Rio. Thank you.

Comrades, colleagues, and friends, part of various communities and collectives, helped constitute the conditions from which this work emerges: the Cultural Dynamics collective, Vivian Newdick, Elvia Mendoza, Kamran Ali, Martha Menchaca, Charles Hale, Shannon Speed, Kaushik Ghosh, and Jemima Pierre; the Arin Hill Collective, Juli Grigsby, Courtney Morrison, Matt Richardson, Jafari Allen, and Stephanie Lang; and the 3jazzcollective, Kevin Witt, Philippe Vieux, Mitch Butler, Pete Rodriguez, Paul Matthews, Melba Garcia, Pedro, Alex, Doug, and the lovely folks at So Paulos, Jeff at the Elephant Room, as well as Stephanie, Laurie Wagner, Sharon Bridgforth, and Bruce Saunders. To them, as well as to Ben Carrington, Simone Browne, Frank Guridy, Wura Ogunji, Van Jordan, Sharmila Rudrappa, Jeff Solomon, Sam Wilson, Kamala Visweswaran, James Brow, Andrew Willford, Chela Sandoval, Michael Ray Charles, Vincent Woodard, Joel Zito Arajo, and M. Jacqui Alexander, thank you.

In Austin, Rio de Janeiro, Nice, Campinas, Honk Kong, Seoul, Portugal, New York, San Diego, Harlem, Los Angeles, So Paulo, Salvador, Urbana, Durham: Phillip and Jafari; Moon-Kie; Gabriela; Ktia and Kim; Ney and Llia; Heitor, Bia, Tiago, and Marina; Tayari; Marcia, Hermes and Picur-rucha; Lindy, Kyle, and Glenn; Vitor, Tais, Gabriel and Luisa; Marcia F.; Regina; Paulo, Tais; Khalil; Jon; Guilherme, Dani, Paulo and Laura; Asale; Kaushik; Sharmila; Stephanie, Laurie; Kevin, Julie, and Carson; Melissa, Amalia, Sofia, and Charlie; Ted, Daisy, Wyatt, and Ishan; and of course, Toussaint!: i am fortunate to be the recipient of your loyal, enabling, and loving friendshipall in spite of my too many flaws and often downright unbearableness. Charlies ideas and insurgent revelations on foot and on bike, including marathons and daylong treks, are much appreciated. Thank you.

Jemima and the Pierres, loving grandparents, aunts, and cousinsMrs. Lisette, Rev. Delanot, Milca and Moselye, Felton and Marc, and Zoe and Zumirmy parents, Anna and Helion, as well as Zaira, Flvio, Anna Clara and Pedro Paulo, Mnica, Jim, and Uma: muito obrigado por tudo, Toussaint e eu agradecemos a famlia diasprica, fazendo com que o Haiti seja aqui e agora, urgentemente, sempre.