Seema Kazi - Gender and Governance: Perspectives from South Asia

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GENDER AND GOVERNANCE

Perspectives from South Asia

This book examines the structures of governance as they impact women in five conflict zones in South Asia: Swat in Pakistan, the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh, the Northern Province in Sri Lanka, and Kashmir and Manipur in India.

Despite their different historical and political contexts, the five studies included here throw up some common patterns. War and conflict have weakened and eroded existing formal structures and institutions of governance. New formations, whether made up of militant groups, or more 'secular' state institutions like armies, do not see women as rights-bearing actors. Further, the authors argue, the impact of war, conflict, settlerism and militancy can make state structures more distant and sometimes incomprehensible to citizens, leaving women's specific gender concerns unaddressed.

Taken together, the essays show that women's relationship with governance institutions is complex, and combines dependence on such institutions with the challenge of dealing with new forms of patriarchy that take root as structures transform and change. The gendering of governance policy and practice therefore, is of crucial importance.

EDITOR: Seema Kazi
CONTRIBUTORS: Malathi De Alwis | Nazish Brohi | Delwar Hossain | Seema Kazi | Saba Gul Khattak | Amena Mohsin | Udhayani Navaratnam | Shaheena Parveen | Ayesha Parvez | Nima Lamu Yolmo

SEEMA KAZI is Senior Fellow, Centre for Women's Development Studies (CWDS), New Delhi. She has worked on the cross-cutting themes of gender, conflict and governance with special reference to Kashmir. She is the author of Between Democracy and Nation: Gender and Militarization in Kashmir . She is presently working on a study on war, gender and democracy in India.

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Contents

Seema Kazi

1. 
   Seema Kazi
   
2. 
   Saba Gul Khattak and Nazish Brohi
   
3. 
   Amena Mohsin and Delwar Hossain
   
4. 
   Various
   

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This book would not have been possible without the Centre for Womens Development Studies (CWDS), New Delhi, which afforded me the institutional space and support to work on this volume. Grateful thanks to all CWDS colleagues who helped facilitate this research. Thanks also to the Indian Council of Social Science Research for their support to CWDS.

Sincere and very warm thanks to all those who contributed to this book: Amena Mohsin and Delwar Hossain (Bangladesh); Nazish Brohi and Saba Gul Khattak (Pakistan); Malathi De Alwis and Udhayani Navaratnam (Sri Lanka); and Nima Lamu Yolmo, Shaheena Parveen and Ayesha Parvez (India). Deepest gratitude to all informants in Kashmir, Manipur, Swat, the Chittagong Hill Tracts and northern Sri Lanka whose lives, experiences and knowledge constitute the core of this research.

A number of individuals contributed to this study in terms of inputs, assistance, advice local support and research. Grateful and very warm thanks to Babloo Loitongbam, Ranjita Sadokpam and Renu Takhellambam, Imphal; Prof. Amar Yumnam, Manipur University, Imphal; Prof. Noor A. Baba, Prof. Ravinderjit Kour, Javid Ahmad, faculty and students at the Department of Political Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar; Arshi Javid, New Delhi, Dr. Suhail Ahmad, Srinagar, and Dr. Samir Ahmad, Dr. Bilal Ahmad Ganaie, faculty and students at the Department of International Relations, Central University of Kashmir, Srinagar.

Last but certainly not the least very grateful thanks to Urvashi Butalia and Aruna Ramachandran for their suggestions, editing, and patience with timelines.

Seema Kazi
New Delhi
August 2018

INTRODUCTION

Seema Kazi

This study focuses on governance in five South Asian conflict zones from a gender perspective. More specifically, this is a comparative gender analysis of governance practice in four South Asian states, namely, Manipur and Kashmir (India); Swat (Pakistan); Chittagong Hill Tracts (Bangladesh) and postwar Northern Province (Sri Lanka).

At the turn of the century, interstate wars were replaced by wars within states; most of these conflicts were located in Africa, the Middle East and Asia. In 2001 the only inter-state conflict was the one between India and Pakistan over Kashmir. Unlike Africa and the Middle East however, armed conflicts in the South Asian region were not the result of weak or disintegrating states, or external intervention. Rather, these conflicts were the outcome of attempts by the regions post-colonial states to craft a unitary nation-state from diverse ethnicities and sub-nationalities. The states failure in accommodating ethnic minority aspiration was exacerbated by its attempt to suppress ethnic grievance through military means. Such a policy transformed the traditional homelands of ethnic minorities in South Asia into militarized borderlands characterized by violence, repression and death.

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