Conor ODwyer - Coming Out of Communism: The Emergence of Lgbt Activism in Eastern Europe

COMING OUT OF COMMUNISM

Coming Out of Communism

The Emergence of LGBT Activism in Eastern Europe

Conor ODwyer

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS

New York

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS

New York

www.nyupress.org

2018 by New York University

All rights reserved

References to Internet websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor New York University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: ODwyer, Conor, 1972 author.

Title: Coming out of communism : the emergence of LGBT activism in Eastern Europe / Conor ODwyer.

Description: New York : New York University, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017060993 | ISBN 9781479876631 (cl : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781479851485 (pb : alk. paper)

Subjects: LCSH : Gay liberation movementEurope, Eastern. | Sexual minoritiesPolitical activityEurope, Eastern. | HomosexualityEurope, Eastern.

Classification: LCC HQ 76.5 . O 29 2018 | DDC 306.76/60947dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017060993

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In years to come, maybe in the distant future, entry into the European Union, and not 1989, may come to be seen as the moment when a new kind of national direction was initiated that did, in fact, bring Eastern Europe into Europe.

Gale Stokes, historian

Be nice to the devil until you have crossed the bridge.

Romanian proverb

CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

: Attitudes toward Homosexuality in Western Europe and Postcommunist Europe Compared (circa 2000)

: Rights of Gays, Lesbians, and Bisexuals in Western and Eastern Europe Compared (2010)

: Social Attitudes (circa 2000) vs. LGBT Rights (2010) in Western and Eastern Europe

: The Interaction of EU Leverage and the Domestic Determinants of LGBT Movement Mobilization

: Situating the Country Cases by Societal Openness (circa 2000)

: Comparison of Subgroup Means by Proximity to the EU

: The Transnational and Domestic Determinants of Legal Rights Frameworks for Gays, Lesbians, and Bisexuals in Europe (20092013)

: Hard-Right Seat Share in National Parliamentary Elections (Poland and the Czech Republic)

: A Comparison of the Incidence of Articles Containing the Term Homosexual in Gazeta Wyborcza and Mlad fronta dnes (19902012)

: A Comparison of the Incidence of Articles Containing the Term Homophobia in Gazeta Wyborcza and Mlad fronta dnes (19902012)

: SOHOs Financial Resources in Nominal Czech Crowns (K)

: Estimated Number of Participants at Warsaw Equality Marches (20012012)

: Exit Polling among TR Voters in Polands 2011 Parliamentary Elections

: Polands 2011 Parliamentary Election Results by Party

: Number of Czech LGBT Groups by Primary Orientation (19882012)

: Number of Polish LGBT Groups by Primary Orientation (19902012)

: Hard-Right Seat Share in National Parliamentary Elections (Hungary, Romania, and Slovakia)

: Attendance at Pride Parades in Budapest, Bucharest, and Bratislava (19972015)

: Number of Hungarian LGBT Groups by Primary Orientation (19852012)

: Number of Slovak LGBT Groups by Primary Orientation (19882012)

: Number of Romanian LGBT Groups by Primary Orientation (19902012)

: Attitudes toward Homosexuality by Region (19812014) [Survey question: Homosexuality is always (10)/never (0) justified.]

: Percentage of Czechs/Poles Saying That Homosexuality Should Be Accepted

: Descriptive Statistics and Correlations

: Hard-Right Parties by Country

: Social-Movement Groups by Country

ACRONYMS

AOF : Alliance of Families (Aliana Familiilor)

CNCD : National Council for Combatting Discrimination (Consiliul Naional pentru Combaterea Discriminrii)

COC: Cultuur-en Ontspanningscentrum

COE : Council of Europe

SL : Czechoslovak Peoples Party (eskoslovensk strana lidov)

SSD : Czech Social Democratic Party (esk strana sociln demokratick)

ENP : European Neighborhood Policy

EP : European Parliament

GI : Gay Initiative (Gay iniciativa)

G-LIGA : G-League

GLL : Gay and Lesbian League (Gay a lesbick liga)

HOS : Movement for Civic Freedom (Hnut za obanskou svobodu)

HRHO : Movement for Equality of Homosexual Citizens (Hnut za rovnoprvnost homosexulnch oban)

HZDS : Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (Hnutie za demokratick Slovensko)

ICSE : International Committee for Sexual Equality

IGCLN-POLAND : International Lesbian and Gay Culture Network in Poland

ILGA : International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association

JOBBIK : Movement for a Better Hungary (Jobbik Magyarorszgrt Mozgalom)

KDH : Christian Democratic Movement (Kresanskodemokratick hnutie)

KDNP : Christian Democrats (Keresztnydemokrata Npprt)

KDU-SL : Christian Democratic UnionCzechoslovak Peoples Party (Kesansk a demokratick unieeskoslovensk strana lidov)

KPH : Campaign Against Homophobia (Kampania Przeciw Homofobii)

LGBT : lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transsexual

LPR : League of Polish Families (Liga Polskich Rodzin)

MDF : Hungarian Democratic Forum (Magyar Demokrata Frum)

MCF : MCF Roma Alliance Party (MCF Roma sszefogs)

MIP : Hungarian Justice and Life Party (Magyar Igazsg s let Prtja)

MONAR : Youth Movement against Drug Addiction (Modzieowy Ruch na Rzecz Przeciwdziaania Narkomanii)

MP : Member of Parliament

MSZP : Hungarian Socialist Party (Magyar Szocialista Prt)

MW : All-Poland Youth (Modzie Wszechpolska)

NGO : nongovernmental organization

ODS : Civic Democratic Party (Obansk demokratick strana)

OI : Otherness Initiative (Iniciatva Inakos)

PDSR : Party of Social Democracy of Romania (Partidul Democraiei Sociale din Romnia)

PIS : Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwo)

PO : Civic Platform (Platforma Obywatelska)

POS : political opportunity structure

PM : prime minister

PRM : Greater Romania Party (Partidul Romnia Mare)

PROUD : Platform for Equality, Recognition, and Diversity (Platforma pro rovnoprvnost, uznn a diverzitu)

PSNS : Real Slovak National Party (Prav slovensk nrodn strana)

PUNR : Romanian National Unity Party (Partidul Unitii Naionale a Romnilor)

QLF : Queer Leaders Forum

ROP : Movement to Rebuild Poland (Ruch Odbudowy Polski)

SDK : Slovak Democratic Coalition (Slovensk demokratick koalcia)

SD : Party of the Democratic Left (Strana demokratickej avice)

SLD : Democratic Left Alliance (Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej)

SMO : social movement organization

SNS : Slovak National Party (Slovensk nrodn strana)

SO : Self-Defense (Samoobrona)

SOHO : Organization of Associations of Homosexual Citizens (Sdruen organizac homosexulnch oban)

SPR-RS : Association for the RepublicRepublican Party of Czechoslovakia (Sdruen pro RepublikuRepubliknsk strana eskoslovenska)