Barbalet - Citizenship : rights, struggle, and class inequality

Barbalet, J. M., 1946

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Citizenship

Concepts in Social Thought

Concepts in Social Thought

Rights, Struggle and Class Inequality

University of Minnesota Press

Minneapolis

Copyright 1988 J. M. Barbalet

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Published by the University of Minnesota Press 2037 University Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis MN 55414 Published simultaneously in Canada by Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, Markham.

Printed in Great Britain

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Number

88-27718

ISBN 0-8166-1775-9 (hardcover)

ISBN 0-8166-1776-7 (pbk.)

The University of Minnesota is an equal-opportunity educator and employer.

Preface vii

1 Theories of Citizenship 1

2 Citizenship Rights 15

3 The Rise of Citizenship 29

4 Citizenship and Class Inequality 44

5 Social Citizenship and the Welfare State 59

6 Citizenship in Political and Social Integration 80

7 Social Movements in Citizenship 97

8 Conclusion: The State and Citizenship 108

Bibliography 112

Index 117

**

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This book is concerned with the development of citizenship and its relationship with social institutions and processes, and especially social class. This is the ground occupied by T. H. Marshall (1893-1981) and most clearly though briefly expounded in his Citizenship and Social Class, first given in 1949 at Cambridge University as lectures to commemorate Alfred Marshall. The interest in Marshalls arguments has been growing steadily so that today it is almost impossible to pick up a sociology journal which does not contain an article with at least some reference to his work. It is inevitable therefore that Marshall and his critics should appear throughout the discussion to follow. Having accepted this limitation a book as short as this is forced to accept another: as the conceptual and theoretical issues are drawn from and confront Marshall and the literature generated around the discussion of his ideas, so the empirical discussion is largely confined to Britain.

This book was written during a busy teaching year and while I am alone responsible for its errors a debt of gratitude is owed to Margaret, who was engaged with her own writing, and to Tom, Felix and David, who never cease to be doing and talking, for their patience and loving support.

J. M. Barbalet

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Citizenship is as old as settled human community. It defines those who are, and who are not, members of a common society. Citizenship is a manifestly political enterprise, yet two general questions arise out of its practice which show that an appreciation of only the political dimension is insufficient for a proper understanding of it. The issue of who can practise citizenship and on what terms is not only a matter of the legal scope of citizenship and the formal nature of the rights entailed in it. It is also a matter of the non-political capacities of citizens which derive from the social resources they command and to which theyTTave acce^'.'X'^lTtical system of equal citizenship is in reality less than equal if it is part of a society divided by unequal conditions.