Bruce A. Elleman - Modern China

Continuity and Change, 1644 to the Present

Second Edition

B RUCE A. E LLEMAN
U.S. N AVAL W AR C OLLEGE

S. C. M. P AINE
U.S. N AVAL W AR C OLLEGE

ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD
Lanham Boulder New York London

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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Information Available

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Elleman, Bruce A., 1959 author. | Paine, S. C. M., 1957 author.

Title: Modern China : continuity and change, 1644 to the present / Bruce A. Elleman, U.S. Naval War College; S. C. M. Paine, U.S. Naval War College.

Description: Second edition. | Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2018039884 (print) | LCCN 2018044312 (ebook) | ISBN 9781538103876 (ebook) | ISBN 9781538103852 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781538103869 (pbk. : alk. paper)

Subjects: LCSH: ChinaHistory

Classification: LCC DS754 (ebook) | LCC DS754 .E55 2019 (print) | DDC 951dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018039884

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.

Printed in the United States of America

To Charlotte Ann and Thomas Smith Elleman
with love, respect, and gratitude

List of Maps

List of Features

List of Tables

List of Figures

List of Photographs

Preface

Acknowledgments

Technical Note

Introduction: A Cultural Framework for Understanding China

PART I: THE CREATION AND MATURATION OF AN EMPIRE, 16441842

1The Creation of the Qing Dynasty

2The Maximization of Empire under the Qianlong Emperor

3Chinese Society at the Zenith of the Qing Dynasty

4The Foundations of Knowledge

5The Arrival of the West

6Systemic Crisis and Dynastic Decline

7Expanding Commercial Relations with the West

PART II: DYNASTIC DECLINE AND COLLAPSE, 18421911

8Civil War and Foreign Intervention

9Quelling Domestic Rebellions

10The Self-Strengthening Movement and Central Government Reforms

11Attacks on Chinese Sovereignty

12The First Sino-Japanese War

13The Attempt to Expel the Foreigners: The Boxer Uprising

14The 1911 Revolution

PART III: THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD, 191249

15The Founding of the Republic of China

16Versailles and Its Aftermath

17New Intellectual Currents

18The Nationalist-Communist United Front

19The Nanjing Decade

20The Second Sino-Japanese War

21The Civil War: Nationalists versus Communists

PART IV: CHINA AND TAIWAN IN THE POSTWAR ERA

22The Communist Victory

23The Korean War

24Maos Quest for World Leadership

25The Cultural Revolution

26The Deng Xiaoping Restoration

27From Tiananmen to Xi Jinping

28The Mandate of Heaven

Conclusion: China in Transition

Appendix A: Geographical Names by Transliteration System

Appendix B: Pinyin Wade-Giles Conversion Table

Teaching References

Photo Credits

Name Index

Subject Index

About the Authors

Inside front cover Topographical Map

Inside back cover Major Ethnic Groups

1.1Manchu Conquest

2.1Campaigns of the Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors

5.1Western European Maritime Advance

5.2Russian Continental Advance

6.1Late Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century Rebellions

7.1First Opium War (183942)

8.1Taiping Rebellion (185164)

8.2Arrow War (185660)

9.1Nian Rebellion (185168)

9.2Donggan and Xinjiang Rebellions (186278)

11.1Japanese Expansion

11.2Sino-French War (188385)

12.1First Sino-Japanese War (189495)

12.2Foreign Spheres of Influence in China

13.1Boxer Uprising (1900)

13.2Russo-Japanese War (19045)

14.11911 Revolution

15.1Second Revolution (1913)

15.2Third Revolution (191516)

15.3Warlord Governments (191718)

16.1German Concessions

17.1May Fourth Movement (1919)

17.2Civil Wars in North China (192025)

18.1Northern Expedition (192628)

19.1Japanese Occupation of Manchuria (193133) and the North China Campaign (193336)

19.2The Five Encirclement Campaigns (193034) and the Long March (193435)

20.1Second Sino-Japanese War (193745)

21.1Chinese Civil War (194549)

23.1Korean War (195053)

24.1Sino-Indian War (1962)

26.1Sino-Vietnamese War (1979)

26.2Taiwan

27.1Chinese Territorial Claims

27.2Belt and Road Initiative

28.1Potential Energy Routes

Introduction Calligraphy

Part I Chinese New Year and Lantern Festival

2Porcelain Production

3Rice Cultivation

Dream of the Red Chamber

5Tea Cultivation

6Concubines and Eunuchs

7Opium Cultivation and Consumption

Part II Dragon Boat Festival

8Hakka Minority

9Hui and Uighur Minorities

Illustrated Gazetteer of the Maritime Countries

11Footbinding

12Famine

13Martial Arts: Kungfu, Tai Chi, and Qigong

14Study Abroad

Part III Mid-autumn Festival

15Tibetan Minority

16Silk Production

17Author Lu Xun

18Secret Societies

19Chinese Medicine, Acupuncture, and Moxibustion

20Yellow River Flooding

21Zhuang Minority

Part IV Grave Sweeping Day and Double Ninth Festival

22Peking Opera

24Author Ding Ling

25Maos Little Red Book

26Chinese Cuisine

27Chinas Changing Urban Landscape

28Film Director Zhang Yimou

Conclusions Rural-Urban Inequality

I.1Chinese Dynasties and Philosophers

I.2Comparison of Traditional Western and Chinese Values

I.3Buddhisms Twelve-Link Chain of Causal Conditions

I.4 Yin and Yang Correlations

I.5The Five Elements

I.6Modern Reflection of Traditional Values

1.1Ming Dynasty Emperors, 13681644

1.2Qing Dynasty Emperors and Imperial Ancestors

1.3Succession Struggle at the Death of the Kangxi Emperor

4.1Eight-Legged Essay Format

6.1Population Changes during the Qing Dynasty

7.1The Opium Trade

7.2British Imports from China and British Possessions, 185457

7.3Opening of Treaty Ports, 184394

8.1Differences between North China and South China

9.1Civil Wars during the Qing Dynasty

10.1Self-Strengthening Projects

12.1Opening of Treaty Ports, 18951911

13.1Boxer Indemnity

14.1Late Qing Reforms

15.1The Three Revolutions, 191116

15.2Guangzhou Governments of Sun Yat-sen