BEIJINGS
POWER
and CHINAS
BORDERS
A publication of the Northeast Asia Seminar
Rediscovering Russia in Asia
Siberia and the Russian Far East
Edited by Stephen Kotkin and David Wolff
Mongolia in the Twentieth Century
Landlocked Cosmopolitan
Edited by Stephen Kotkin and Bruce A. Elleman
Korea at the Center
Dynamics of Regionalism in Northeast Asia
Edited by Charles K. Armstrong, Gilbert Rozman, Samuel S. Kim, and Stephen Kotkin
Manchurian Railways and the Opening of China
An International History
Edited by Bruce A. Elleman and Stephen Kotkin
Beijings Power and Chinas Borders
Twenty Neighbors in Asia
Edited by Bruce A. Elleman, Stephen Kotkin, and Clive Schofield
BEIJINGS
POWER
and CHINAS
BORDERS
Twenty Neighbors in Asia
Edited by
Bruce A. Elleman, Stephen Kotkin,
and Clive Schofield
First published 2013 by M.E. Sharpe
Published 2015 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright 2013 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notices
No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use of operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infrine.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Beijings power and Chinas borders: twenty neighbors in Asia / edited by Bruce A. Elleman,
Stephen Kotkin, and Clive Schofield.
p. cm.
A publication of the Northeast Asia SeminarP. facing t.p.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7656-2763-6 (hardcover: alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-7656-2764-3 (pbk.: alk. paper)
1. ChinaForeign relationsAsia. 2. AsiaForeign relationsChina. 3. China
Boundaries. I. Elleman, Bruce A., 1959 II. Kotkin, Stephen. III. Schofield, Clive H., 1969
DS33.4.C5B45 2012
327.5105dc23 2012014912
ISBN 13: 9780765627643 (pbk)
ISBN 13: 9780765627636 (hbk)
For Allen S. Whiting, Regents Professor of Political Science,
University of Arizona, for his contributions to the study of
Chinas border relations with Russia.
Contents
Stephen Kotkin
Bruce A. Elleman and Clive Schofield
Artemy M. Kalinovsky
Paul J. Smith
Ian Storey
Brahma Chellaney
I Made Andi Arsana and Clive Schofield
June Teufel Dreyer
Stephen Blank
Charles K. Armstrong
Erica Marat
Ian Townsend-Gault
Vivian Louis Forbes
Morris Rossabi
Brendan Whyte
Chitra K. Tiwari
Christopher Tang
Lowell Bautista and Clive Schofield
Mark Galeotti
Bruce A. Elleman
Gregory Gleason
Ramses Amer
Bruce A. Elleman, Stephen Kotkin, and Clive Schofield
Our thanks to Professor Chen Jian at Cornell University; Valarie Russell for her research assistance at the George C. Marshall Center; James Person of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars; Professor Kim Dong-gil of Peking University; Dr. N. Altantsetseg, Director of the School of Foreign Service of the National University of Mongolia; Mr. J. Enkhsaikhan, former Ambassador of Mongolia to the United Nations and current Ambassador of Mongolia to Austria; Dr. Dan Dzurek, Geographer, formerly of the U.S. State Department; Antonio Giustozzi, Visiting Professor at Kings College, London; Mr. Graeme Rymill, librarian of the University of Western Australia; Dr. Mohan Malik at the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, Honolulu; and Christopher Jasparro, Associate Professor, National Security Affairs Department, U.S. Naval War College.
Most of the maps that appear in this book have been significantly amended or redrawn from existing sources to match them to the specific chapters. In some instances, the changes have been less extensive. Special thanks to I Made Andi Arsana for redrafting the majority of the maps appearing in this volume. Particular thanks also to Miss Kabita Ghimire for meticulously preparing the map of the Sino-Nepalese border. The map on India-China territorial disputes has been adapted from Brahma Chellaney, Water: Asias New Battleground (Georgetown University Press, 2011). of the Myanmar-China border.
Profound thanks to Allen Whiting, who, in addition to writing such classics as China Crosses the Yalu, during the 1950s discovered the Columbia University copy of the original Karakhan manifesto that promised the return of the Chinese Eastern Railway to China without compensation, thus helping to inspire a whole generation of students researching Sino-Soviet diplomatic and border relations.
Patricia Kolb of M.E. Sharpe has maintained a strong interest in our series over many years. Along with the able Kimberly Giambattisto and Ana Erlic at M.E. Sharpe, Pat provided invaluable editorial assistance on the current volume.
Finally, the editors would like to thank their spouses, Sarah C.M. Paine (Elleman) Soyoung Lee (Kotkin), and Sandra Carruthers (Schofield) for their support.
Stephen Kotkin
Publications and commentaries continue to proclaim China as the worlds newest superpower, though fewer analysts evince similar passion for elucidating the many limits to Beijings great power ambitions. Fewer still take account of the unique circumstance that China borders on 20 countriesmore than any other state. Unlike the United States, which abuts Canada and Mexico as well as the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, China has perhaps the worlds most strategically complex geography. China has twelve land and six maritime neighbors, together with two neighborsKorea and Vietnamwith which it shares both land and sea boundaries. This circumstance provides China with a source of enormous leverage, but also equally monumental challenges.
Beijing has made significant progress in forging diplomatic and economic links with its neighbors, and in resolving many territorial disputes, but China and its neighbors disagree over a significant number of overlapping territorial and maritime claims, including disputes over what lies under the ground and under the sea. The present volume of twenty essays addresses Chinas neighborhood and boundaries with Afghanistan, Bhutan, Brunei, Indonesia, India, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Russia, Taiwan, Tajikistan, and Vietnam. In doing so, we offer a very different vantage point on Chinas rise as a great powerthe perspective of its 20 neighbors.