Sybil Derrible - Urban Engineering for Sustainability
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- Book:Urban Engineering for Sustainability
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A textbook that introduces integrated, sustainable design of urban infrastructures, drawing on civil engineering, environmental engineering, urban planning, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, and computer science.
This textbook introduces urban infrastructure from an engineering perspective, with an emphasis on sustainability. Bringing together both fundamental principles and practical knowledge from civil engineering, environmental engineering, urban planning, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, and computer science, the book transcends disciplinary boundaries by viewing urban infrastructures as integrated networks.
The text devotes a chapter to each of five engineering systemselectricity, water, transportation, buildings, and solid wastecovering such topics as fundamentals, demand, management, technology, and analytical models. Other chapters present a formal definition of sustainability; discuss population forecasting techniques; offer a history of urban planning, from the Neolithic era to Kevin Lynch and Jane Jacobs; define and discuss urban metabolism and infrastructure integration, reviewing system interdependencies; and describe approaches to urban design that draw on complexity theory, algorithmic models, and machine learning. Throughout, a hypothetical city state, Civitas, is used to explain and illustrate the concepts covered. Each chapter includes working examples and problem sets. An appendix offers tables, diagrams, and conversion factors. The book can be used in advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in civil engineering and as a reference for practitioners. It can also be helpful in preparation for the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) and Principles and Practice of Engineering (PE) exams.
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Urban Engineering for Sustainability
Sybil Derrible
The MIT Press
Cambridge, Massachusetts
London, England
2019 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher.
This book was set in Stone Serif by Westchester Publishing Services. Printed and bound in the United States of America.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.
ISBN: 978-0-262-04344-1
d_r0
To all past, present, and future urban engineers
who strive to make the world
more sustainable.
- 4.1.6Greenbelt Towns and the City of Highways
- 6.3.1Water Treatment
- 8.3.2.13Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design Rating
- Notes
The marginal returns of increasing complexity.
Infrastructure networks in Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
Diagram of infrastructure ecology. Adapted from Pandit et al. (2011).
Cheonggyecheon River, Seoul, South Korea.
Civitas divided into five zones.
An example of production and consumption over time.
Three scenarios of production and consumption.
U.S. energy consumption from 1775 to 2017, by source.
World petroleum production and consumption.
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration. There are many relevant statistics available, and the following U.S. Energy Information Administration website offers great resources: http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/ (accessed September 3, 2018).
The triple bottom line: people, planet, prosperity.
The 3V model. Adapted from Fiksel et al. (2014).
Planetary boundaries.
Source: Azote image for Stockholm Resilience Centre.
Nonlinearities in planetary boundaries. Adapted from Steffen et al. (2015).
Historical and projected world population.
Source: United Nations. Historical data to 1950 come from United Nations (1999); data from 1950 onward come from United Nations (2017).
Portrait of Thomas Malthus.
Example of geometric and arithmetic series.
Output of p n , a n , and 
as a function of n.
Three phases for short-term projections.
Evolution of infrastructure in the United States. Courtesy of Arnulf Grbler.
Impacts of the two constants in the logistic function.
The grid structure of the street network of Miletus.
Medieval towns.
Plan for Washington, DC, by LEnfant in 1791.
The 1902 Garden City concept.
The Radiant City by Le Corbusier.
The Pruitt-Igoe Housing Project in Saint Louis.
Source: U.S. Geological Survey.
Evolution of intraurban transport. A, walking and horsecar; B, electric streetcar; C, recreational auto; D, freeway. Adapted from Muller (2004).
American urban sprawl in Dubai.
Source: Google Earth.
Examples of tree and semilattice networks using a network representation.
Examples of tree and semilattice networks using a Venn representation.
Mental grouping of items.
Quick recap of urban planning practices. Courtesy of Jamei Borges.
U.S. GHG emissions by economic sector in 2016.
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2018).
Illustration of Ohms law.
Simple circuit.
Kirchhoffs circuit and voltage laws.
Circuits in series and in parallel.
Alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC).
Three-phase-power Y connection.
Voltages in three-phase-power systems.
Electrical equipment: utility pole and transformer (left) and electrical panel (right). Courtesy of Dongtian Ji.
Schematic of the power grid.
Source: MBizon (CC-BY).
Historical evolution of residential electricity demand in the United States.
Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration and U.S. Census Bureau.
Figure 5.12
Average U.S. household electricity consumption in 2016 by state.
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Power demand in New England for August 14, 2018.
Source: Independent System Operator New England (2015).
Matching power generation with load profile.
Electricity generation classification.
World and U.S. electricity generation by source in 2014.
Sources: World Bank and U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Schematic of coal-fired power plant.
Source: Tennessee Valley Authority.
Left, concentrated solar thermal system: line concentrator.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Land Management.
Right, dish system.
Source: SOLUCAR PS10 (CC-BY).
U.S. concentrating solar power map.
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Schematic of hydroelectric power plant.
Source: Tennessee Valley Authority.
Typical power curve of a wind turbine.
Map of U.S. annual average wind speed at thirty meters.
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Annapolis Tidal Power Station, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Wave power generation concepts.
Source: Ingvald Straume.
U.S. solar PV power map.
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Electrical grid GHG emission factors in 2016 by U.S. state.
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Left, smart (electric) meter; right, conventional (gas) meter.
The urban water cycle.
Eight-digit hydrologic units (watersheds) in the United States.
Source: U.S. Geological Survey.
Hyetograph and hydrograph of permeable concrete in Chicago on May 1011, 2017.
Anatomy of a hydrograph.
Schematics of a runoff hydrograph based on physical characteristics.
IDF curve for Chicago.
Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Moody diagram.
Source: Wikimedia Commons.
Figure 6.8
Examples of pipes in series and pipes in parallel.
Five examples of open channels.
Energy in open channels.
Groundwater hydrology. Reprinted from NGWA.org with permission of the National Ground Water Association (n.d.).
Wells in groundwater engineering.
2015 water withdrawal in the United States.
Source: U.S. Geological Survey.
Evolution of public supply water consumption in the United States.
Source: U.S. Geological Survey.
2015 domestic water withdrawal by state.
Source: U.S. Geological Survey.
2016 per capita water consumption by household size.
Source: Water Research Foundation.
Typical daily water demand in the summer and the winter in the Chicago region.
Source: City of Chicago Department of Water Management.
A common water treatment process.
Typical wastewater treatment process. Credit: CK-12 Foundation.
Typical street cross-section. Courtesy of Stantec.
Combined and separated sewer systems. Credit: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Examples of permeable pavers (left) and freshly poured pervious concrete (right).
Example of rain garden (left) versus common practice (right).
Impact of CN on runoff.
Water distribution and wastewater systems energy intensities of over 160 U.S. cities. Courtesy of Christopher Chini.
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