David Gilmartin - Civilization and Modernity: Narrating the Creation of Pakistan

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Civilization and Modernity

NEW PERSPECTIVES ON INDIAN PASTS
THOMAS R. TRAUTMANN
Aryans and British India

DAVID N. LORENZEN
Who Invented Hinduism?
Essays on Religion in History

A.R. VENKATACHALAPATHY
In Those Days there was No Coffee
Writings in Cultural History

THOMAS R. TRAUTMANN
Languages and Nations
The Dravidian Proof in Colonial Madras

HARLAN O. PEARSON
Islamic Reform and Revival in Nineteenth-century India
The Tariqah-i Muhammadiyah

THOMAS R. TRAUTMANN
The Clash of Chronologies
Ancient India in the Modern World

SAURABH DUBE
After Conversion
Cultural Histories of Modern India

USHA SANYAL
Devotional Islam and Politics in British India
Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi and His Movement, 18701920 (New Edition)

DAVID N. LORENZEN
The Scourge of the Mission
Marco della Tomba in Hindustan

CYNTHIA TALBOT (ED.)
Knowing India
Colonial and Modern Constructions of the Past

BENJAMIN ZACHARIAH
Playing the Nation Game
The Ambiguities of Nationalism in India

USHA SANYAL, DAVID GILMARTIN and SANDRIA B FREITAG (EDS) Muslim Voices
Community and the Self in South Asia

YODA PRESS
268 A/C Vasant Kunj New Delhi 110 070 www.yodapress.in

David Gilmartin 2014
The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right YODA PRESS (maker)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of YODA PRESS, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organisations. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to YODA PRESS at the address above.

You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.
ISBN 978-93-80403-10-6

Editors in charge: Arpita Das, Nishtha Vadehra
Typeset in Tulika Print Communication Services, New Delhi Printed at Thomson Press (India) Ltd., New Delhi 110 020 Published by Arpita Das for YODA PRESS

Contents

Authors Note vii Introduction ix

Part I. Colonialism, Biradari , and Islam in the Punjab
1. Customary Law and Shariat in British Punjab 3
2. Biradari and Bureaucracy: The Politics of Muslim
Kinship Solidarity in 20th-century Punjab 25
3. Shrines, Succession and Sources of Moral Authority 56
4. Kinship, Women and Politics in 20th-century Punjab 79

Part II. Religion and the Public Sphere

5. Democracy, Nationalism and the Public: A Speculation on Colonial Muslim Politics 99
6. The Shahidganj Mosque Incident: A Prelude to Pakistan 120
7. Divine Displeasure and Muslim Elections:
The Shaping of Community in 20th-century Punjab 150

Part III. The Coming of Pakistan

8. Religious Leadership and the Pakistan Movement
in the Punjab 177
9. A Magnificent Gift: Muslim Nationalism and
the Election Process in Colonial Punjab 211
10. A Networked Civilization? 240
11. Partition, Pakistan and South Asian History:
In Search of a Narrative 261

Index 303

Authors Note

All of these articles have been published previously, though some have been slightly revised. Revisions on most of them consist simply of correcting existing mistakes, standardizing some spellings and transliteration, or bringing the occasional footnote up-to-date (as, when a previously unpublished work has not been published). In the case of two essays, the first and the fourth, revisions have been slightly more substantial, largely in order to limit the degree of overlapping material in the two, which was initially substantial. They still contain some common material, but less than previously.

1. Customary Law and Shariat in British Punjab, in Katherine Ewing, ed., Shariat and Ambiguity in South Asian Islam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), pp. 4362.

2. Biraderi and Bureaucracy: The Politics of Muslim Kinship Solidarity in 20th Century Punjab, International Journal of Punjab Studies , vol.
1, no. 1 (JanuaryJune 1994), pp. 129.

3. Shrines, Succession and Sources of Moral Authority, in Barbara D. Metcalf, ed., Moral Conduct and Authority: The Place of Adab in South Asian Islam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), pp. 22140.

4. Kinship, Women and Politics in 20th Century Punjab, in Gail Minault, ed., The Extended Family: Women and Political Participation in India and Pakistan (Delhi: Chanakya Publications, 1981), pp. 251 73.
viii Civilization and Modernity: Narrating the Creation of Pakistan

5. Democracy, Nationalism and the Public: A Speculation on Colonial Muslim Politics, South Asia , vol. 14, no. 1 (June 1991), pp. 12340.

6. The Shahidganj Mosque Incident: A Prelude to Pakistan, in Ira M. Lapidus and Edmund Burke III, eds, Islam, Politics, and Social Movements (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), pp. 146 68.

7. Divine Displeasure and Muslim Elections: The Shaping of Community in Twentieth-Century Punjab, in D.A. Low, ed., The Political Inheritance of Pakistan (London: Macmillan, 1991), pp. 106 29.

8. Religious Leadership and the Pakistan Movement in the Punjab, Modern Asian Studies , vol. 13, no. 3 (July 1979), pp. 485517.

9. A Magnificent Gift: Muslim Nationalism and the Election Process in Colonial Punjab, Comparative Studies in Society and History , vol.
40, no. 3 (July 1998), pp. 41536.

10. A Networked Civilization? in Bruce Lawrence and Miriam Cooke, eds, Muslim Networks: From Hajj to Hip Hop (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), pp. 5168.

11. Partition, Pakistan, and South Asian History: In Search of a Narrative, Journal of Asian Studies , vol. 57, no. 4 (November 1998), pp. 106895.

Introduction

The Pakistan movement should not be considered Islamic: it was a movement for a secular, liberal democracy, although once the country was established there certainly were voices that sought to create an Islamically ordered state.

Barbara Metcalf, Islamic Contestations , p. 1

Pakistan ka matlab kya?
La Ilaha ilaallah
[What is Pakistans meaning?
There is no god but God]

Popular pro-Pakistan slogan

Sixty-some years after its emergence as an independent nation, controversy over the meaning and causes of the creation of Pakistan remains vibrant. Part of the controversy lies in conflicting interpretations of what happened in the run-up to the partition of India in 1947. What did Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League really want when they raised the slogan of Pakistan? What did Jinnahs two-nation theory really signify? What did Jinnahs supportersand those who opposed himreally understand Pakistan to mean? And who was responsible, in the aftermath of the complex negotiations that led to the partition plan of 1947, for the shape of the territorial Pakistan that actually emerged? In spite of the long stream of memoirs x Civilization and Modernity: Narrating the Creation of Pakistan

I want to thank Sandria Freitag and Humeira Iqtidar for reading an earlier draft of this introduction and offering many critical suggestions. Thanks also to graduate students Zaheer Abbas, Aseem Hasnain, Leslie Hempson, and Kapil Vasudev for reading and helpfully commenting on the essay.

and analyses by the participants in the events of 1947, and the spate of scholarly studies that have since examined and re-examined the history of partitionand the horrific violence that preceded and followed itsuch questions continue to inspire significant historical debate.

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