Frederick C. Teiwes - Chinas Road to Disaster: Mao, Central Politicians and Provincial Leaders in the Great Leap Forward, 1955-59: Mao, Central Politicians and Provincial Leaders in the Great Leap Forward, 1955-59

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Chinas Road to DISASTER

Contemporary China Papers

Australian National University

Series Editor: Jonathan Unger

Australian National University

Titles in this series published by M. E. Sharpe are:

No. 20: THE PRO-DEMOCRACY PROTESTS IN CHINA

Reports from the Provinces

Edited by Jonathan Unger

No. 21: USING THE PAST TO SERVE THE PRESENT

Historiography and Politics in Contemporary China

Edited by Jonathan Unger

No. 22: DIRECTORY OF OFFICIALS AND ORGANIZATIONS IN CHINA

A Quarter-Century Guide

Malcolm Lamb

No. 23: CHINESE NATIONALISM

Edited by Jonathan Unger

No. 24: CHINAS ROAD TO DISASTER

Mao, Central Politicians, and Provincial Leaders in the Unfolding of the Great Leap Forward, 19551959

Frederick C. Teiwes with Warren Sun

Chinas Road to DISASTER

Mao, Central Politicians, and Provincial Leaders in the Unfolding of the Great Leap Forward 19551959

Frederick C. Teiwes with Warren Sun

An East Gate Book

First published 1999 by M.E. Sharpe

Published 2015 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1999 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notices

No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use of operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Teiwes, Frederick C.
Chinas road to disaster : Mao, central politicians, and provincial leaders in the unfolding of the great leap forward, 19551959 / Frederick C. Teiwes with Warren Sun.
p. cm. (Contemporary China papers)
An East gate book.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7656-0201-6 (hardcover : alk. paper).
ISBN 0-7656-0202-4 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. ChinaPolitics and government19491976. I. Sun, Warren. II. Title. III. Series.
DS777.75.T43 1998
951.055dc21 98-15299
CIP

ISBN 13: 9780765602022 (pbk)
ISBN 13: 9780765602015 (hbk)

To Our Respective Teachers

Fred Teiwes Honors Doak Barnett

Warren Sun Honors Wang Gungwu

CONTENTS

Tables

Photographs

Organizations and Policies

CCP	Chinese Communist Party
FFYP	First Five-Year Plan
ICBM	Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
NDU	National Defense University
NPC	National Peoples Congress
PLA	Peoples Liberation Army
PRC	Peoples Republic of China
SEC	State Economic Commission
SFYP	Second Five-Year Plan
SPC	State Planning Commission

Publications and Publishing Agencies

AJCA	The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs
CB	Current Background
CQ	The China Quarterly
NCNA	New China News Agency
PDA	Communist China 19551959: Policy Documents with Analysis
SCMP	Survey of China Mainland Press
SS	The Secret Speeches of Chairman Mao
SW	Selected Works of Mao Tsetung
WM	The Writings of Mao Zedong
XHBYK	Xinhua banyuekan [New China Semi-Monthly]
ZGDSRWZ	Zhonggong dangshi renwu zhuan [Biographies of Personalities in CCP History]
ZGDSYJ	Zhonggong dangshi yanjiu [Research on CCP History]

More than with most studies, this book began as a result of a number of different intellectual and practical considerations, and took on more as the research progressed. The initial practical impetus came from the need for a paper to be delivered to a conference on Chinese Communist history during the pre-Cultural Revolution period. This led fairly directly to an examination of the moderate economic policies of 195657 the program of opposing rash advance. The intellectual impetus for this was first in the recognition that this issue had only been dealt with in passing in our previous work, and that on the surface the events of this period as depicted in the existing literature were at considerable variance with our understanding of a completely dominant Mao Zedong as the pivot of Chinese elite politics. This, in turn, was linked to a certain frustration with the residual influence of the two line struggle model which we had hoped to demolish in various earlier works. Simply put, would a detailed examination of economic policy in this period confirm our overall assessment of Chinese politics, and would it provide sufficient evidence to convince the sceptics?

As the research developed, particularly as a result of extensive interviews with a significant participant in the economic policy-making process in both 195657 and 195859, our attention was increasingly drawn to the momentous drama of the Great Leap Forward which followed upon and was intimately linked to opposing rash advance. Not least, we became transfixed by the question of how such an enormous tragedy as the Great Leap famine which claimed millions of lives came about and who was responsible. In some senses the answers have long been apparent, but a deeper political understanding has been missing. Indeed, for such a watershed event it is remarkable how little sustained and detailed attention has been given to the politics of the Great Leap Forward. The conventional wisdom adopted by most accounts did little more than adapt with limited research the Cultural Revolution perspective of, crudely put, anti-Maoist elements attacking the Chairman and implementing the moderate policies of 195657, Mao defeating his opponents by the end of 1957 and launching the radical leap and enforcing his views until 1960, and then being again shunted to the sidelines by a dominant group of moderates as the disasters of the leap became undeniable. Needless to say, we believed this wide of the mark, and in the event our detailed examination provides a multifaceted analysis of just how far such interpretations stray from the reality.

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