Tim Ingold (editor) - Companion encyclopedia of anthropology : [humanity, culture and social life]

First published 1994

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge

605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

First published in paperback 1997

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an iriforma business

Structure and editorial matter 1994 Tim Ingold

The chapters 1994 Routledge

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Typeset in 10/12pt Ehrhardt, Compugraphic by MCS Ltd, Salisbury

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN 13: 978-0-415-16421-4 (pbk)

ISBN 13: 978-0-415-02137-1 (hbk)

DOI: 10.4324/9781003209263

Tim Ingold

1. Introduction to humanity

Tim Ingold

2. Humanity and animality

Tim Ingold

3. The evolution of early hominids

Phillip V. Tobias

4. Human evolution: the last one million years

Clive Gamble

5. The origins and evolution of language

Philip Lieberman

6. Tools and tool behaviour

Thomas Wynn

7. Niche construction, evolution and culture

F. J. Odling-Smee

8. Modes of subsistence: hunting and gathering to agriculture and pastoralism

Roy Ellen

9. The diet and nutrition of human populations

Igor de Garine

10. Demographic expansion: causes and consequences

Mark N. Cohen

11. Disease and the destruction of indigenous populations

Stephen J. Kunitz

PART II: CULTURE

12. Introduction to culture

Tim Ingold

13. Why animals have neither culture nor history

David Premack and Ann James Premack

14. Symbolism: the foundation of culture

Mary LeCron Foster

15. Artefacts and the meaning of things

Daniel Miller

16. Technology

Franois Sigaut

17. Spatial organization and the built environment

Amos Rapoport

18. Perceptions of time

Barbara Adam

19. Aspects of literacy

Brian V. Street and Niko Besnier

20. Magic, religion and the rationality of belief

Gilbert Lewis

21. Myth and metaphor

James F. Weiner

22. Ritual and performance

Richard Schechner

23. The anthropology of art

Howard Morphy

24. Music and dance

Anthony Seeger

25. The politics of culture: ethnicity and nationalism

Anthony D. Smith

PART III: SOCIAL LIFE

26. Introduction to social life

Tim Ingold

27. Sociality among humans and non-human animals

R. I. M. Dunbar

28. Rules and prohibitions: the form and content of human kinship

Alan Barnard

29. Understanding sex and gender

Henrietta L. Moore

30. Socialization, enculturation and the development of personal identity

Fitz John Porter Poole

31. Social aspects of language use

Jean DeBernardi

32. Work, the division of labour and co-operation

Sutti Ortiz

33. Exchange and reciprocity

C. A. Gregory

34. Political domination and social evolution

Timothy Earle

35. Law and dispute processes

Simon Roberts

36. Collective violence and common security

Robert A. Rubinstein

37. Inequality and equality

Andre Beteille

38. The nation state, colonial expansion and the contemporary world order

Peter Worsley

This volume started life on the initiative of Jonathan Price, at that time Reference Books Editor at Croom Helm. His idea was for an Encyclopedia of Human Society whose subject would span the disciplines of anthropology, sociology and archaeology. We first met to discuss the project in August 1986, and it was then that he charmed me into agreeing to become the volumes editor. It has been a big job, to put it mildly. In hindsight, it seems to me that I must have been mad to take it on at all, let alone single-handed. No doubt my motives were in part honourable, since I was strongly committed to the idea of anthropology as a bridging discipline, capable of spanning the many divisions of the human sciences. I wanted to prove that the possibility of synthesis existed not just as an ideal, but as something that could be realized in practice. No doubt, too, I was motivated by a certain vanity: if a synthesis was to be built, I wanted to be the one to build it, and to reap the credit! Seven years on, I am both older and perhaps a little wiser no less committed to the ideal of synthesis, but a great deal more aware of the complexities involved, and rather less confident about my own abilities to bring it about.