John Bachtler - Eu Cohesion Policy and European Integration: The Dynamics of Eu Budget and Regional Policy Reform

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EU COHESION POLICY AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

EU Cohesion Policy and European Integration

The Dynamics of EU Budget and Regional Policy Reform

JOHN BACHTLER
University of Strathclyde, UK
CARLOS MENDEZ
University of Strathclyde, UK
FIONA WISHLADE
University of Strathclyde, UK

First published 2013 by Ashgate Publishing

Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 2013 John Bachtler, Carlos Mendez and Fiona Wishlade

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

John Bachtler, Carlos Mendez and Fiona Wishlade have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the authors of this work.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
Bachtler, John.

EU cohesion policy and European integration : the dynamics of EU budget and regional policy reform / by John Bachtler, Carlos Mendez and Fiona Wishlade.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-7546-7421-4 (hardback) -- ISBN 978-1-4724-2294-1 (ebook) -- ISBN 978-1-4724-2295-8 (epub) 1. Structural adjustment (Economic policy)-- European Union countries. 2. European Union countries--Economic integration. 3. Regional planning--European Union countries. I. Title.

HC240.B24 2013
337.142--dc23

2013027935

ISBN 9780754674214 (hbk)
ISBN 9781315580630 (ebk)

Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

Preface

This book is about the Cohesion policy of the European Union (EU), a policy which accounts for a third of the EU budget and is the primary EU instrument for supporting regional economic and social development, especially in the poorer countries and regions of the EU. Since its origins in 1975, Cohesion policy has been central to the process of European integration, and the successive reforms of the policy provide insight into the purpose and direction of the EU as a political project. However, the reforms are invariably complex, protracted and contentious. They involve many actors in the European institutions and Member States, and key decisions are frequently taken behind closed doors leaving observers to make inferences and judgements on the outcome based on incomplete information. This book seeks to fill the gap in our understanding of the dynamics of EU budget and Cohesion policy reform, providing a more in-depth analysis than has yet been published.

The book originated in two long-term programmes of research and knowledge exchange being managed by the European Policies Research Centre (EPRC) in the School of Government & Public Policy at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow. One is the European Regional Policy Research Consortium (EoRPA), originally launched in 1978, and funded by government departments in Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom; it involves the monitoring and analysis of national regional policies in 30 European countries and the study of the interrelationships with EU Cohesion policy and EU Competition policy control of State aid. The second programme is IQ-Net (Improving the Quality of Structural Funds Programme Management), founded in 1996 and funded by Structural Funds managing authorities in 15 Member States, involving research on the management and implementation of Cohesion policy programmes across the EU.

Both of these programmes involve longitudinal research, tracking how the design and implementation of regional policies at national and European levels evolve over time. They also involve internationally comparative research, allowing the development and management of policies (and the administration of specific programmes and instruments) to be compared across countries and regions. Importantly, the research programmes involve extensive fieldwork across all (now 28) EU Member States, with annual or bi-annual interviews of policy-makers in government departments, agencies and other bodies at national and regional levels. Over time, this research has built up a unique body of knowledge on how regional policies work in practice.

The idea of this book emerged from the research under the above programmes on successive reforms of EU Cohesion policy, and analysis of the EU budget negotiations, since the early 1990s and specifically the policy debate on reforming Structural and Cohesion Funds for the 200713 period. Following the Interinstitutional Agreement in 2006, we undertook an extensive interview programme with officials from the European institutions and in 25 Member States covering finance, foreign affairs and economics/industry ministries and EU permanent representations which provided the main new empirical material for the book, together with analysis of the budget and regulatory documents for the 2006 reform.

The interviewees at national level were predominantly civil servants, who agreed to contribute to the interviews on a confidential basis. Although they are anonymous, we are extremely grateful to them for their universally frank and open explanations of how national policy positions emerged and fared in the negotiations. We are also grateful to those in the European institutions who were equally helpful in discussing the processes of policy formation within the Commission and EU Presidencies, most notably Graham Meadows, Marc Lemaitre, Ronnie Hall, Vasco Cal and Wolfgang Petzold.

This book would not have been possible without the contribution of current and former colleagues in EPRC whose research on Cohesion policy in individual EU Member States has provided us with knowledge and insights. We greatly appreciate the assistance of Sara Davies, Ruth Downes, Martin Ferry, Frederike Gross, Tobias Gross, Stefan Kah, Irene McMaster, Rona Michie, Laura Polverari, Phil Raines, Heidi Vironen and Sandra Taylor and, among our EPRC associates, Henrik Halkier. We would also like to recognise the valuable administrative and secretarial support of Lynn Ogilvie, Alyson Ross and Mark Penman, and the proofreading skills of Keith Clement.

Most of all, we would like to thank and dedicate this book to Douglas Yuill, Emeritus Professor in EPRC, who was one of the founders of the Centre and directed it until his retirement in 2010. Douglas provided inspiration for much of the Centres research and gave us great encouragement in developing the idea for this book.

John Bachtler, Carlos Mendez, Fiona Wishlade
September 2013

Abbreviations

CAP	Common Agricultural Policy
CARDS	Community Assistance for Reconstruction, Development and Stabilisation

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