COLUMBIA STUDIES IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN HISTORY
ALAN BRINKLEY, GENERAL EDITOR
Lawrence S. Wittner, Rebels Against War: The American Peace Movement, 19411969 1969
Davis R. B. Ross, Preparing for Ulysses: Politics and Veterans During World War II 1969
John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 19411947 1972
George C. Herring Jr., Aid to Russia, 1941 1946: Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Origins of the Cold War 1973
Alonzo L. Hamby, Beyond the New Deal: Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism 1973
Richard M. Fried, Men Against McCarthy 1976
Steven F. Lawson, Black Ballots: Voting Rights in the South, 19441969 1976
Carl M. Brauer, John F. Kennedy and the Second Reconstruction 1977
Maeva Marcus, Truman and the Steel Seizure Case: The Limits of Presidential Power 1977
Morton Sosna, In Search of the Silent South: Southern Liberals and the Race Issue 1977
Robert M. Collins, The Business Response to Keynes, 19291964 1981
Robert M. Hathaway, Ambiguous Partnership: Britain and America, 19441947 1981
Leonard Dinnerstein, America and the Survivors of the Holocaust 1982
Lawrence S. Wittner, American Intervention in Greece, 19431949 1982
Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, Patterns in the Dust: Chinese-American Relations and the Recognition Controversy, 19491950 1983
Catherine A. Barnes, Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit 1983
Steven F. Lawson, In Pursuit of Power: Southern Blacks and Electoral Politics, 19651982 1985
David R. Colburn, Racial Change and Community Crisis: St. Augustine, Florida, 18771980 1985
Henry William Brands, Cold Warriors: Eisenhower s Generation and the Making of American Foreign Policy 1988
Marc S. Gallicchio, The Cold War Begins in Asia: American East Asian Policy and the Fall of the Japanese Empire 1988
Melanie Billings-Yun, Decision Against War: Eisenhower and Dien Bien Phu 1988
Walter L. Hixson, George F. Kennan: Cold War Iconoclast 1989
Robert D. Schulzinger, Henry Kissinger: Doctor of Diplomacy 1989
Henry William Brands, The Specter of Neutralism: The United States and the Emergence of the Third World, 19471960 1989
Mitchell K. Hall, Because of Their Faith: CALCAV and Religious Opposition to the Vietnam War 1990
David L. Anderson, Trapped By Success: The Eisenhower Administration and Vietnam, 19531961 1991
Steven M. Gillon, The Democrats Dilemma: Walter F. Mondale and the Liberal Legacy 1992
Wyatt C. Wells, Economist in an Uncertain World: Arthur F. Burns and the Federal Reserve, 19701978 1994
Stuart Svonkin, Jews Against Prejudice: American Jews and the Fight for Civil Liberties 1997
Doug Rossinow, The Politics of Authenticity: Liberalism, Christianity, and the New Left in America 1998
Campbell Craig, Destroying the Village: Eisenhower and Thermonuclear War 1998
Brett Gary, The Nervous Liberals: Propaganda Anxieties from World War I to the Cold War 1999
Andrea Friedman, Prurient Interests: Gender, Democracy, and Obscenity in New York City: 19091945 2000
Eric Rauchway, The Refuge of Affections: Family and American Reform Politics, 19001920 2000
Robert C. Cottrell, Roger Nash Baldwin and the American Civil Liberties Union 2000
Joseph A. Palermo, In His Own Right: The Political Odyssey of Robert F. Kennedy 2001
Wyatt Wells, Antitrust and the Formation of the Postwar World 2002
Cyrus Veeser, A World Safe for Capitalism: Dollar Diplomacy and America s Rise to Global Power 2002
Michael Janeway, The Fall of the House of Roosevelt: Brokers of Ideas and Power from FDR to LBJ 2004
Jonathan Bell, The Liberal State on Trial: The Cold War and American Politics in the Truman Years 2004
Thomas Evans, The Education of Ronald Reagan: The General Electric Years and the Untold Story of His Conversion to Conservatism 2006
Columbia University Press
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Copyright 2007 Richard D. Kahlenberg
Paperback edition, 2009
All rights reserved
E-ISBN 978-0-231-50909-1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kahlenberg, Richard D.
Tough Liberal : Albert Shanker and the battles over schools, unions, race, and democracy / Richard D. Kahlenberg.
p. cm.(Columbia studies in contemporary american history)
Includes bibliographical refererences and index.
ISBN 978-0-231-13496-5 (cloth : alk. paper)ISBN 978-0-231-13497-2 (pbk. : alk. paper)ISBN 978-0-231-50909-1 (e-book)
1. Shanker, Albert. 2. Labor leadersUnited StatesBiography. 3. American Federation of Teachers. I. Title. II. Series.
LB2844.53.U6K34 2007
331.881137110092
[B]
2007005399
A Columbia University Press E-book.
CUP would be pleased to hear about your reading experience with this e-book at .
TO THE MEMORY OF RICHARD W. KAHLENBERG
CONTENTS
1. The Early Years
Rising from Humble Beginnings and Establishing Values
(19281952)
2. Creating the United Federation of Teachers
(19521962)
3. Rising Within the UFT
Labor and Civil Rights Together
(19621965)
4. Black Power and the 1967 Teachers Strike
(19661968)
5. The Ocean HillBrownsville Strike and the Liberal Assault on Labor
(1968)
6. Ocean HillBrownsville
The Fallout
(1969)
7. Rebuilding
Recruiting the Paraprofessionals, Launching the Where We Stand Column, and Seeking Teacher Unity
(19691972)
8. Becoming President of the American Federation of Teachers and Battling the New Politics Movement
(19721974)
9. A Man by the Name of Albert Shanker
Sleeper and the Controversy of Power
(19731975)
10. Losing Power:
The New York Fiscal Crisis and the Decline of Labor
(19741976)
11. Jimmy Carter and the Rise of the Reagan Democrats
(19761980)
12. Being a Social Democrat Under Ronald Reagan
Domestic Policy
(19801988)
13. Being a Social Democrat Under Ronald Reagan
Foreign Policy
(19801988)
14. Education Reform
A Nation at Risk, Merit Pay, and Peer Review
(19831984)
15. Beyond Special Interest
Making Teaching a Profession
(19851987)
16. Charter Schools and School Restructuring
(19881997)
17. The Early Education-Standards Movement
(19891994)
18. The Rise of the Angry White Males and the Gingrich Revolution
(19921995)
19. Reviving the Education-Standards Movement and the Final Days
(19951997)