THE SELF-DETERMINATION OF MINORITIES
IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
THE
SELF-DETERMINATION
OF MINORITIES IN
INTERNATIONAL
POLITICS
Alexis Heraclides
First published 1991 in Great Britain by
Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
270 Madison Ave, New York NY 10016
Transferred to Digital Printing 2010
Copyright 1991 Alexis Heraclides
The views expressed in this book are solely those of the author.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Heraclides, Alexis
The self-determination of minorities in international
politics.
1. Separatist movements
I. Title
322.42
ISBN 0-7146-3384-4
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Heraclides, Alexis.
The self-determination of minorities in international politics./Alexis
Heraclides.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-7146-3384-4 (hardback)
ISBN 0-7146-4082-4 (paperback)
1. Self-determination, National. I. Title.
JX4054.H46 1990
320.15dc20
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Routledge and Company Limited.
Publishers Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent.
To Zina A.Z.:
(and to five years of inter-species affinity)
Sensitive rowing between the bays
O. Elytis
CONTENTS
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
A scholars first book is often based on his doctoral dissertation and this is the case with this study. Thus my first and foremost debt is to Professor A.J.R. Groom, my thesis supervisor, who influenced my thinking in writing the original much more detailed version of this study. Professor Grooms invaluable comments and suggestions deepened my understanding of the subject matter and enabled me to put together diverse viewpoints. Without his constant and indeed very moving support and guidance the thesis and then the book would probably not have been written. I am also grateful to Professor J.E. Spence, my external examiner who, together with Professor Groom, urged me to shorten my thesis and publish it as a book.
I would also like to thank among others Professor John W. Burton, one of the fathers of what is known today as the pluralist paradigm in International Relations, who first initiated me into I.R. and conflict resolution at University College London (an aha experience never to be forgotten), Professors Dennis Sandole, C.R. Mitchell and Rosalyn Higgins as well as Keith Webb for their very sound advice at the very early stages of my study. From the several people who provided me with valuable insight as to the case studies, I am particularly indebted to Peter Kilner.
At a totally different level, special thanks are due to two outstanding individuals who set me on course as a youngster to become a social scientist. They are my parents, Ambassador Dimitris Heraclides and the late Zina Heraclides, to whom the Ph.D. thesis was dedicated.
I also express my gratitude to several other individuals who assisted me during the difficult thesis years (difficult and distressing in more ways than one). They would include the indomitable Dr J. Kinnas, Dr Ch. Lyrintzis, Dr Y. Valinakis, Dr Y. Vardaxoglou, Admiral Th. Deyiannis, Antigoni and Kostas Ficardos as well as Nicos Mataras and my sister Corinna. I should also thank the British Council for a much needed fifteen-month scholarship.
Furthermore, I am grateful to my colleagues and seniors at my work in Athens and in inter-governmental meetings who accepted my priorities and enabled me to conveniently disappear in order to write this book. I will not mention them by name for they are indeed too many and, who knows, they may even be reprimanded for their open-mindedness. Two, however, should be mentioned by name, retired Ambassadors Constantine Tsamados and Andreas Metaxas.
Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to a few other individuals who sustained my enthusiasm in writing this book (and incidentally put up with my various moods). They include Pericles Alkidis and Seriphos, Nicholas Karalis, Athina Syriatou, Niki Maroniti and last, but certainly not least, Zina Assimakopoulou.
A.H. Athens
ABBREVIATIONS
AACC | All Africa Council of Churches |
ALF | Azania Liberation Front |
Afar Liberation Front |
ARG | Anyidi Revolutionary Government |
AS ALA | Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia |
ASEAN | Association of South Eastern Asian Nations |
Balubakat | Association des Baluba du Katanga |
CENTO | Central Treaty Organization |
CIA | Central Intelligence Service |
Conakat | Confdration des associations tribales du Katanga |
ETA | Euzkadi Ta Askatasuna (Basque Nation and Freedom) |
ELF | Eritrean Liberation Front |
ELF-GC | Eritrean Liberation FrontGeneral Command |
ELF-GS | Eritrean Liberation FrontGeneral Secretariat |
ELF-PLF | Eritrean Liberation FrontPopular Liberation Forces |
ELF-PLF-RC | Eritrean Liberation FrontPopular Liberation Forces-Revolutionary Council |
ELF-RC | Eritrean Liberation FrontRevolutionary Council |
EPLF | Eritrean Peoples Liberation Front |
Fedeka | Fdration Kasaienne |
FLNC | Front de Libration Nationale Congolais |
FMG | Federal Military Government (of Nigeria) |
ICRC | International Committee of the Red Cross |
IGO | international governmental organization |
INGO | international nongovernmental organization |
INALWA | International Airlift West Africa |
JCA | Joint Church Aid |
KDP | Kurdistan Democratic Party |
MIM | Muslim Independence Movement |
Mistebel | Mission technique belge |
MNC | Mouvement national congolais |
MNLF | Moro National Liberation Front |
NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
NCNC | National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons |
National Council of Nigerian Citizens |
NGO | nongovernmental organization |
NPC | Northern Peoples Congress (Nigeria) |
NPG | Nile Provisional Government |
NUP | National Unionist Party (Sudan) |
OAU | Organization of African Unity |
OIC | Organization of the Islamic Conference |
OLF | Oromo Liberation Front |
ONUC | Organisation des Nations Unies au Congo |
OPEC |