SECURITY AND CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE:
THE HUMAN DIMENSION, 19721992
SECURITY
AND CO-OPERATION
IN EUROPE: THE
HUMAN DIMENSION,
19721992
Alexis Heraclides
First published in 1993 by
FRANK CASS & CO. LTD
This edition published 2013 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright 1993 Alexis Heraclides
The views expressed in this book
are solely those of the author.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Heraclides, Alexis
Security and Co-operation in Europe:
Human Dimension, 197292
I. Tide
327.116
ISBN 0-7146-3484-0
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Heraclides, Alexis.
Security and co-operation in Europe: the human dimension,
19721992/ Alexis Heraclides.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7146-3484-0
1. Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (1972:
Helsinki, Finland)History. 2. Human rightsEuropeHistory20th
century. I. Title.
JX1393.C65H47 1993 | 92-19256 |
CIP |
Typeset by Regent Typesetting, London
To my father
and to all the other diplomats and scholars who
toiled for a new vision of security
and co-operation in Europe
CONTENTS
This book is the product of several years of active involvement in the CSCE process in what came to be known as its human dimension. Through these years I have benefited from the insight and views of several colleagues, insiders of the CSCE. With the risk of committing the gross error of omitting some of them, I should like to mention those to whom I am particularly indebted for without them I would not have gathered the courage and enthusiasm or taken the risk to start writing this book. They are Harris Nielsen from Denmark, Harm Hazewinkel and Ann de Bil Nachenius from the Netherlands, Ambassador J. Laurent and Werner Bowens from Belgium, the late Sir Anthony Williams and Philip Hurr from the United Kingdom, Ambassador Ekkehard Eickhoff from Germany, Ambassadors Max M. Kampelman and Samuel Wise from the United States, Thelma Duran and Tony Mannix from Ireland, the late Ambassador Pan de Soreluce from Spain, Ambassadors Nicos Karandreas, Constantin Tsamados and George Alexandropoulos from Greece, Ambassador Christo-foros Yiangou from Cyprus, Ambassador Antonio Armellini from Italy, Ambassador Helmut Tuerk and Dr Stefan Lehne from Austria, Ambassador Nils Eliasson from Sweden, Ambassador Count Mario von Ledebur-Wicheln from Liechtenstein, Ambassador Andre Erdos and Szuzza Hargitay from Hungary, Ambassador Evariste Saliba from Malta, Boyko Noev from Bulgaria, Ambassador Ekrem Guvendiren from Turkey, and the journalist Roland Eggleston.
Needless to say, none of the above bears any responsibility for my assessment and reading of the CSCE-human rights dimension, which is intended as a dispassionate scholarly study based on primary and secondary sources.
I would also like to mention a few other erdividuals fof whose support and assistance I am very grateful. They are Emil Golemanov, Vassilis Bornovas, Mania Telalian and George Dimitriadis.
Last, but certainly not least, I am particularly indebted for the support and suggestions provided by my father, Ambassador Dimitris Heraclides and, of course, to the Greek Foreign Ministry for allowing me to consult its archives.
A.H.
RCBMs | Confidence-Building Measures |
CDE | Conference on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures and Disarmament in Europe |
CHD | Conference on the Human Dimension |
CFE | Conventional Armed Forces in Europe |
CPC | Conflict Prevention Centre (of the CSCE) |
CSBMs | Confidence- and Security-Building Measures |
CSCE | Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe |
CSFR | Czech and Slovak Federal Republic |
CSO | Committee of Senior Officials (of the CSCE) |
EC | European Community |
EPC | European Political Co-operation (of the European Community) |
FRG | Federal Republic of Germany |
GDR | German Democratic Republic |
IGO | Inter-governmental organization |
MBFR | Mutual and Balanced Force Reduction |
MPT | Multilateral Preparatory Talks (at Helsinki) |
NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
NGO | Non-governmental organization |
NNA | Neutral and Non-Aligned CSCE participating states |
N+N | Neutral and Non-Aligned CSCE participating states |
OFE | Office of Free Elections (of the CSCE) |
UN | United Nations |
9 | Nine member-states of the European Community |
10 | Ten member-states of the European Community |
12 | Twelve member-states of the European Community |
15 | Fifteen member-states of NATO |
16 | Sixteen member-states of NATO |
35 | Thirty-five participating states of the CSCE |
Note: Various preparatory meetings are not included. Of the several meetings of the new institutions set by the Charter of Paris of November 1991, only those of the CSCE Council are mentioned.
Multilateral Preparatory Talks, Helsinki (Dipoli)
22 November 19728 June 1973
CSCE (Phase 1), Helsinki
37 July 1973
CSCE (Phase 2), Geneva
18 September 197321 July 1975
CSCE (Phase 3), Helsinki
30 July1 August 1975
First CSCE Follow-up Meeting, Belgrade
4 October 19778 March 1978
Meeting of Experts on the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes, Montreux
31 October11 December 1978
Meeting of Experts on Co-operation in the Mediterranean, Valletta
13 February26 March 1979
Scientific Forum, Hamburg
18 February3 March 1980
Second CSCE Follow-up Meeting, Madrid
11 November 19809 September 1983
Conference on CSBMs and Disarmament in Europe (CDE), Stockholm
17 January 198419 September 1986
Meeting of Experts on the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes, Athens
21 March30 April 1984
Seminar on Co-operation in the Mediterranean, Venice
1626 October 1984
Meeting of Experts on Human Rights, Ottawa
7 May 17 June1985
Commemoration of 10th Anniversary of the Final Act, Helsinki
30 July1 August 1985
Cultural Forum, Budapest
15 October25 November 1985
Meeting of Experts on Human Contacts, Bern
15 April27 May 1986
Third CSCE Follow-up Meeting, Vienna
4 November 198619 January 1989
Negotiations on CSBMs, Vienna
6 March 1989-November 1990
Negotiations on Conventional Arms Forces in Europe (CFE), Vienna
6 March 1989-November 1990
Information Forum, London
18 April12 May 1989