Susan G. Hadden - A Citizens Right to Know: Risk Communication and Public Policy

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A CITIZENS RIGHT TO KNOW

Risk Communication and Public Policy

A CITIZEN'S RIGHT TO KNOW

Risk Communication and Public Policy

Susan G.Hadden

First published 1989 by Westview Press, Inc.

Published 2021 by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1989 by Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hadden, Susan G.
A citizen's right to know.
Includes index.
1. Freedom of information-United States.
2. Hazardous substances--Government policy--United
States. 3. Hazardous substances-Law and legislation
United States. I. Title.
JC599.U5H23 1989 323.44'5 89-5801

ISBN 13: 978-0-3670-0354-8 (hbk)

ISBN 13: 978-0-3671-5341-0 (pbk)

DOI: 10.4324/9780429033407

Contents

1. 1. 1 / The Need for Right to Know
      1. Chemicals in the Environment
      2. Information, Regulation, and Individual Choice
      3. What Is the Right to Know?
      4. Notes
   2. 2 / Gaining the Right to Know
      1. Information for Workers
      2. Winning the Right to Know
      3. What Do We Have a Right to Know?
      4. A Preliminary Assessment of Title III
      5. Notes
   3. 3 / Implementing Right to Know: New Jersey and Texas
      1. Right to Know in New Jersey
      2. Right to Know in Texas
      3. Notes
2. Part 2Aspects of Right to Know
   1. 4 / Institutional Factors
      1. Federalism
      2. Bureaucratic and Procedural Impediments
      3. Trade Secrets
      4. Liability
      5. Enforcement
      6. Conclusion
      7. Notes
   2. 5 / Managing All the Data
      1. Computerization of Section 313
      2. Computerization at the State and Local Levels
      3. Benefits of Computers for RTK
      4. Conclusion
      5. Notes
   3. 6 / Imperfect Information
      1. Information Not Available
      2. Assessing and Understanding Health Risks
      3. Understanding Scientific Communications
      4. Conclusion
      5. Notes
   4. 7 / Risk Perception and Risk Communication
      1. Risk Perception
      2. Risk Communication
      3. Risk and RTK
      4. Notes
   5. 8 / The Political Economy of RTK
      1. Government and Information
      2. Government Responsibility for Information Content
      3. Conclusion
      4. Notes
3. Part 3Remedies: Making RTK Work
   1. 9 / Improving Right to Know
      1. A Better Statute Better Implemented
      2. Better Information Formats
      3. Conclusion
      4. Notes
   2. 10 / Empowering Citizens
      1. Participating in the Policy Process
      2. Another Right to Know
      3. Government, Citizens, and Information
      4. Notes

1. Part 1
   What Is Right to Know?
   1. 1 / The Need for Right to Know
      1. Chemicals in the Environment
      2. Information, Regulation, and Individual Choice
      3. What Is the Right to Know?
      4. Notes
   2. 2 / Gaining the Right to Know
      1. Information for Workers
      2. Winning the Right to Know
      3. What Do We Have a Right to Know?
      4. A Preliminary Assessment of Title III
      5. Notes
   3. 3 / Implementing Right to Know: New Jersey and Texas
      1. Right to Know in New Jersey
      2. Right to Know in Texas
      3. Notes
2. Part 2
   Aspects of Right to Know
   1. 4 / Institutional Factors
      1. Federalism
      2. Bureaucratic and Procedural Impediments
      3. Trade Secrets
      4. Liability
      5. Enforcement
      6. Conclusion
      7. Notes
   2. 5 / Managing All the Data
      1. Computerization of Section 313
      2. Computerization at the State and Local Levels
      3. Benefits of Computers for RTK
      4. Conclusion
      5. Notes
   3. 6 / Imperfect Information
      1. Information Not Available
      2. Assessing and Understanding Health Risks
      3. Understanding Scientific Communications
      4. Conclusion
      5. Notes
   4. 7 / Risk Perception and Risk Communication
      1. Risk Perception
      2. Risk Communication
      3. Risk and RTK
      4. Notes
   5. 8 / The Political Economy of RTK
      1. Government and Information
      2. Government Responsibility for Information Content
      3. Conclusion
      4. Notes
3. Part 3
   Remedies: Making RTK Work
   1. 9 / Improving Right to Know
      1. A Better Statute Better Implemented
      2. Better Information Formats
      3. Conclusion
      4. Notes
   2. 10 / Empowering Citizens
      1. Participating in the Policy Process
      2. Another Right to Know
      3. Government, Citizens, and Information
      4. Notes

Guide

Tables and Figures

Tables

1-1 Concentrations of selected synthetic organic compounds in raw and finished groundwater

1-2 Summary of annual levels of seven air contaminants at six sites

1-3 Residues of toxic materials in human fat, 1970-1983

1-4 Death rates in the United States, 1950-1980

1-5 Estimated new cancer cases and deaths, 1981 and 1988

1-6 Tentative typology of rights to know

2-1 Title III reporting requirements

2-2 Statutory deadlines in Title III

3-1 Selected results of New Jersey industrial survey

3-2 Results of informal survey of fact sheet users

3-3 Characteristics of information received by citizens

9-1 Recommendations and Title III goals

Figures

2-1 One page of the section 313 reporting form

3-1 Four pages of a New Jersey fact sheet

6-1 DDT data extrapolation

6-2 Part of a Material Safety Data Sheet

9-1 Sample industry chemical fact sheet

9-2 Branching and layering of information

9-3 Chemical fact sheet

9-4 Supplementary local information fact sheet

9-5 Comparative exposures graph

10-1 Diverse kinds of right to know

Preface

On December 3, 1984, a cloud of toxic gas was released over Bhopal in central India, ultimately killing thousands and causing injuries to many more. Efforts to try to prevent similar accidents in the United States culminated in October 1986 when Congress passed the Emergency Response and Community Right-to-Know Act, which gave citizens the right to learn about the hazardous materials present in their communities through reports submitted by industry.

Does the fact that citizens know, or can know, about the presence of chemicals in their communities reduce the chances of another Bhopal disaster occurring? On the surface, this seems unlikely. In order to prevent a release of toxic gasor of a toxic liquid-managers of plants where the materials are used must ensure that procedures for storage and manufacturing are appropriate to the characteristics of the chemical and that the correct procedures are followed. How can citizens affect decisions by plant managers? Should they be able to? After all, plant managers are responsible to owners and stockholders, and they possess a lot of technical expertise that citizens who live in the area could duplicate only with years of study, or never.

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