Jeffrey G. Reitz - Warmth of the welcome : the social causes of economic success for immigrants in different nations and cities

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Warmth of the Welcome

First published 1998 by Westview Press

Published 2018 by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1998 Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Reitz, Jeffrey G.

Warmth of the welcome : the social causes of economic success for

immigrants in different nations and cities / Jeffrey G. Reitz,

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8133-8346-3 (hc.)

ISBN 0-8133-6802-2 (pbk.)

1. ImmigrantsUnited StatesEconomic conditions. 2. Immigrants
CanadaEconomic conditions. 3. ImmigrantsAustraliaEconomic
conditions. 4. United StatesEmigration and immigration
Government policy. 5. CanadaEmigration and immigration
Government policy. 6. AustraliaEmigration and immigration
Government policy. 7. United StatesSocial policy1993
8. CanadaSocial policy. 9. AustraliaSocial policy. 10. United
StatesRace relations. 11. CanadaRace relations. 12. Australia
Race relations. I. Title.
JV6471.R45 1998
304.82dc21

97-50570
CIP

ISBN 13: 978-0-8133-6802-3 (pbk)

Contents

Part 1
Explaining Immigrants Economic Success in Different Destinations

Part 2
Four Institutional Areas Affecting the Terms of Immigrant Entry

Part 3
Conclusions and Policy Issues

Guide

Tables

Figures

In conducting the research reported in this book, I have received assistance, advice, encouragement, and support from a number of individuals and organizations, which I would like to acknowledge here. The research was supported by a grant from the Canadian Ethnic Studies Program of the Multiculturalism Branch of Heritage Canada, which was indispensable in launching the project. At the University of Toronto, both the Centre for Industrial Relations and the Department of Sociology provided important research support throughout the project. At the University of California at Los Angeles, my research was greatly advanced by the help I received as a visiting scholar for a year in the Department of Sociology. I also benefited from the professional hospitality of Elizabeth Stephenson and Martin Pawlocki of the Social Science Data Archive at UCLAs Institute for Social Science Research. At the University of Sydney, I enjoyed a period as visiting scholar in the Multicultural Centre, and at Australian National University, Roger Jones and Gina Roach of ANUs Social Sciences Data Archive provided much help in gaining access to Australian census data.

Raymond Breton, Ivan Light, and Suzanne Model provided extremely valuable substantive suggestions, and detailed and thoughtful commentary on a draft manuscript. Their help contributed greatly to the progress of the project. Support and advice also was received from a number of others including Ian Burnley, Stephen Castles, Jock Collins, Mariah Evans, Lois Foster, Jrgen Friedrichs, Ron Gillis, Donna Gray, Morley Gunderson, Christine Inglis, F. Lancaster Jones, James Jupp, Melvin Oliver, Vilma Ortiz, Frank Reid, Donald Trieman, Jonathan Turner, and Warwick Wilson. Research assistance throughout the project was provided by Richard Bernard, whose professional knowledge of the U.S. census microdata files was of considerable help particularly in the early stages, and also by Elaine Chan, Fatima Lee, Clay Mosher, and Stephanie Potter.

Jeffrey G. Reitz

Part 1
Explaining Immigrants Economic Success in Different Destinations

Social Causes of the Economic Success of Immigrants

What has been called the new immigration has had a profound impact on all three countries that are traditional recipients of immigrationthe United States, Canada, and Australiabut that impact has been very different in each case. The new immigration essentially is immigration from non-European sources. Such immigration has been numerically significant in the United States, Canada, and Australia in the past three decades, and it has raised similar issues in all three countries. Yet there have been very substantial differences in the place that the new immigrants occupy in the social and economic hierarchies of the three countries, and hence important differences in the impact that immigrants have had. What exactly are these differences? What are the reasons for them?

Some of the differences are due to external circumstances which affect immigrant flows, such as the U.S. border with Mexico and proximity to Latin America, the Canadian and Australian connections to the British Commonwealth, and Australias Pacific location near emerging Asian economies. However, the thesis of this book is that to a much greater extent than has been recognized, the differences reflect fundamental characteristics intrinsic to the three societies. The impact of immigration is, in effect, a social product shaped by the three countries various institutional structures. Furthermore, the relevant institutions are rapidly changing, partly in response to global economic change, and thus are creating forces which are changing the impact of immigration in all three countries.

The similarities among the issues raised in public debate about the new immigration in all three countries are striking. In each country, the issues have both economic dimensions and racial or cultural overtones, and the salience of these issues has grown. As the numbers of immigrants have increased, so too has concern over whether immigration is a net economic benefit, whether it undercuts native-born workers, whether social service utilization by immigrants is too costly, and whether the immigration program is properly managed to control abuses. In each country there are concerns about challenges posed by increased cultural diversity, and with whether any increase in racial tension can be successfully managed. In each country there have been complaints about the impact of racism and racial discrimination and about the vulnerable situation of immigrant women in particular. And in each country some obvious form of backlash has emerged against these complaints. Mainstream public opinion on immigration has turned sharply negative in each country, with substantial majorities wanting reductions in the numbers of immigrants. Immigration policy revisions to increase selectivity and enforce controls are ever more frequently introduced to deal with these issues of increasing domestic public concern.

The similarities of public debate among the three countries can be seen in the immigration best-seller. Popular books debating immigration in each country have tended to be inward-looking, seeing immigration as a domestic issue related only to domestic traditions and values; they hardly make reference to what the other countries experience. But the themes of economic burden and cultural tensions are common to each. Arthur Schlesingers scholarly The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society (1992) questions whether American individualism can survive the group-oriented politics of racial and cultural diversity. Peter Brimelows more hard-hitting Alien Nation: Common Sense about Americas Immigration Disaster (1995) invites drastic policy responses.

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