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Wolfgang Ochel - Service Economies in Europe: Opportunities for Growth

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Book:
Service Economies in Europe: Opportunities for Growth
Author:
Wolfgang Ochel / Manfred Wegner
Publisher:
Routledge
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Books / Politics
Year:
2019
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Service Economies in Europe

First published 1987 by Westview Press

Published 2019 by Routledge

52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

EUR 8289

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe .

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Ochel, Wolfgang

Service economy in Europe: opportunities for

growth:

1. Service industries Europe

I. Title II. Wegner, Manfred

338.4094 HD9986.A2

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Ochel, Wolfgang, 1943

Service economies in Europe.

Bibliography: P.

1. Service industries Europe. I. Wegner, Manfred.
II. Title.

HD9986.A2028 1987 338.46094 87-21690

ISBN 13: 978-0-367-28708-5 (hbk)

Contents

Guide

List of tables and figures

Tables

Figures

Research on services suffers from lack of data and insufficient information covering a wide diversity of economic, social and technical aspects. Fortunately, the preparation of the following report has been supported by a large number of individuals and institutions in Europe and in the United States. We would like to acknowledge the help and encouragement of the Commission of the European Communities which financed this research.

We would like to express our particular gratitude to a number of persons who have been most helpful in preparing this report:

the group established to follow the study within the Commission, consisting of Michael Green, Marco Lancetti, John Richardson, Oliver Ruyssen and Peter Smith, who accompanied and guided our research efforts in several discussion rounds;
Mrs Anne Vorce, from the EC Delegation in Washington;
Mr Peter Smith, for supervising constructively the research project and for contributing actively to the final report; and
our colleagues from the IFO Institute, Johannes Heinze, Michael Reinhard, Hans Schedl and Kurt Vogler-Ludwig.

Finally, we owe many thanks to Mrs Angela Ramsenthaler who typed with great competence and patience various versions of the manuscript.

The gaps in our knowledge of the service economy in Europe are still too large to provide final answers to a long list of crucial questions. But we hope to have asked the right questions and to have given some useful answers for a better understanding of the functioning and prospects of services in the years ahead.

1
Introduction

The industrial world is undergoing a profound transformation which is sometimes labelled the third industrial revolution or the beginning of the information society. Industrial countries are more and more dominated by the provision and consumption of services. The supply of and demand for services extends from traditional functions like distribution and transport to modern activities like data collection and processing, covering financial and legal consultations as well as computer software production, and including travel, telecommunications, recreational and educational services. The transformation of our old world of agriculture and manufacturing towards services is changing what we produce and how we produce. The economic and social implications of these changes will be fundamental.

The growing importance and the shift towards services have been evident for some time. The share of private and public services in GDP now exceeds 50 per cent - in some countries reaching 70 per cent and accounts for between 55 and 69 per cent of total employment. But while the trend towards a service economy has been general across countries there are large differences between main service industries and between industrial countries. The United States stands out as the most developed service-orientated country, whereas the Federal Republic of Germany is lagging behind most industrial nations, including Japan.

International comparisons of sectoral service shares are sometimes misleading because there are wide variations in the degree of specialization and externalization, in the relative price performance or in the conventions for measuring real output in services.

Ignoring for the time being the inadequacy of statistical information and the serious measurement problems, we can identify the broad empirical trends in , which shows the share of service industries in output at current and constant prices and in employment in six major industrial countries. In all six countries the share of services in employment and nominal GDP has risen over time. The increase in the share of real GDP has been much slower than for the value share, implying a rise in relative prices of services. As a rough approximation, something like half of the growth in service industry shares in the production of GDP tends to reflect a relative increase in prices and the other half an increase in volumes (Kravis 1985). The real GDP shares appear to have grown faster since 1973 in some European countries (while they stagnated in the 1950s and 1960s) and seem to have been less susceptible to cyclical fluctuations and external shocks.

Output shares of aggregate services in GDP and employment (per cent)

GDP at current prices	GDP at constant prices	Civilian employment

West Germany	1973	46.4	47.6	45.4
1979	50.5	50.9	50.0
1984	54.3	53.4	53.2
France	1973	49.4	48.3	53.0
1979	53.5	50.5	56.6
1984	57.1	52.2	60.7
United Kingdom	1973	51.3	48.5	56.3
1979	51.4	50.1	60.1
1984	54.5	53.2	65.7
Italy	1973	50.7	50.2	45.7
1979	51.7	51.5	49.8
1984	56.3	53.5	55.5
USA	1973	62.5	61.3	65.3
1979	63.9	63.7	67.5
1983	67.3	66.3	70.9
Japan	1973	52.7	54.3	46.8
1979	58.0	57.0	51.8
1984	59.5	57.8	54.2

Notes : 1 Base year for GDP volume: FRG, UK and Japan: 1980; France and Italy: 1970; USA: 1975.

2 1975.

Source : OECD, National Accounts 197284.

The share of services in total employment has increased in all industrial countries. However, the most spectacular service employment increase occurred in the United States. Here employment rose in the 1970s at a rate of 3 per cent per annum in the private sector and thus at twice the rate of European countries. In most countries the fastest-growing sectors have been producer services (with the exception of transport and distributive services), health and educational services and the public sector. The growth differential between service and manufacturing employment has widened since 1973. Almost everywhere the service sector has remained the only provider of net job creation in the period of slow output growth (OECD 1986). But West Germany and the United Kingdom stand out as the countries with the relatively weakest job creation in services and they are also losing manufacturing jobs at the fastest rate ().

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