First published in 1999 by Westview Press
Published in 2021 by Routledge
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bollens, Scott A.
Urban peace-building in divided societies: Belfast and
Johannesburg I Scott A. Bollens
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8133-3541-8 (hardcover)
1. Urban policyNorthern IrelandBelfast. 2. Urban policy
South AfricaJohannesburg. 3. Conflict managementNorthern
IrelandBelfast. 4. Conflict managementSouth Africa
Johannesburg. I. Title.
HT169.G72B4937 1999
307.76094167dc21
98-29197
CIP
ISBN 13: 978-0-3672-1440-1 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-0-3672-1721-1 (pbk)
DOI: 10.4324/9780429268489
To Billy Hutchinson, Joe Austin, Paul Waanders, and Tshipso Mashinini
Peace, Siochain, Vrede, Uxola
To Claudia for her enduring love and support
Contents
1 Contested Cities
Cities and Intrastate Conflict
Managing City Conflict
Notes
2 Prospects and Limits of Urban Peace-Building
Operationalizing Peace
Building or Impeding Urban Peace
Notes
3 Belfast and Johannesburg
Research Methods
Notes
Part 2Belfast: At the Sharp Edge
4 The Sectarian City
Shifting Demographics
Political Direct Rule,
Urban Policymakers
Territoriality and Community
Notes
5 British Urban Policy Since 1972
Pursuing Stability Through Neutrality
Neutral Means, Unequal Outcomes
Notes
6 Belfast and Peace
Seeking Peace in Belfast
Belfast: Contributor or Burden to Peace?
Notes
Part 3Johannesburg: A Delicate Balancing of Time
7 Urban Policy in Transition
Planned Geographies
Political Control
Transformative Urban Policy
Temporality and Urban Policy Choices
Notes
8 Rebuilding Government Legitimacy
The Dual Faces of Post-Apartheid Planning
Organizing for Peace-Building
Notes
9 Johannesburg and Peace
Key Interventions in Peace-Building
Race, Class, and Sustainability
Notes
Part 4Conclusions
10 Urban Peace-Building
Policy, Polarization, and Peace
Stabilizing and Reconstructing Contested Cities
The Challenge of Urban Peace
Notes
- 1 Contested Cities
- Cities and Intrastate Conflict
- Managing City Conflict
- Notes
- 2 Prospects and Limits of Urban Peace-Building
- Operationalizing Peace
- Building or Impeding Urban Peace
- Notes
- 3 Belfast and Johannesburg
- Research Methods
- Notes
- Part 2 Belfast: At the Sharp Edge
- 4 The Sectarian City
- Shifting Demographics
- Political Direct Rule,
- Urban Policymakers
- Territoriality and Community
- Notes
- 5 British Urban Policy Since 1972
- Pursuing Stability Through Neutrality
- Neutral Means, Unequal Outcomes
- Notes
- 6 Belfast and Peace
- Seeking Peace in Belfast
- Belfast: Contributor or Burden to Peace?
- Notes
- Part 3 Johannesburg: A Delicate Balancing of Time
- 7 Urban Policy in Transition
- Planned Geographies
- Political Control
- Transformative Urban Policy
- Temporality and Urban Policy Choices
- Notes
- 8 Rebuilding Government Legitimacy
- The Dual Faces of Post-Apartheid Planning
- Organizing for Peace-Building
- Notes
- 9 Johannesburg and Peace
- Key Interventions in Peace-Building
- Race, Class, and Sustainability
- Notes
- Part 4 Conclusions
- 10 Urban Peace-Building
- Policy, Polarization, and Peace
- Stabilizing and Reconstructing Contested Cities
- The Challenge of Urban Peace
- Notes
Guide
Illustrations
Tables
2.1 Urban policy and governance strategies
3.1 Guiding research issues
3.2 Classification of interviewees by pertinent characteristics
4.1 Percent of 1993 local council seats won
4.2 Percent of 1997 local council seats won
4.3 Percent of 1998 Northern Ireland Assembly seats won
4.4 Belfast peacelines and adjacent neighborhoods
4.5 The ten most deprived wards in Belfast
5.1 Percentage of Belfast residents benefiting from city center employment
10.1 Contexts of conflict
10.2 Urban peace-building goals, strategies, and techniques
10.3 Participants and relationships
Figures
2.1 Urban policy and peace-building
2.2 Urban ethnic conditions and peace-building
4.1 Northern Ireland and Belfast
4.2 Religious composition of Belfast city population, 17571991
4.3 Age distribution of Catholic and Protestant populations in Belfast city, 1991
4.4 Distribution of Roman Catholics in Belfast urban area
4.5 Location of peacelines in Belfast, 1994
7.1 Johannesburg metropolitan area
7.2 Regional context
7.3 South Africa and Johannesburg
7.4 Group areas in Johannesburg
7.5 Grey (mixed) areas in Johannesburg, 1988
8.1 Redrawing political boundaries in metropolitan Johannesburg
9.1 Decentralization of office employment
Photos
4.1 Republican mural in Falls/Clonard neighborhood of west Belfast
4.2 Cupar Way peaceline
4.3 Sectarian territoriality in north Belfast
7.1 Louis Botha Avenue, Johannesburg
7.2 Squatter shacks in Alexandra township
7.3 Mandelaville squatter camp, Soweto