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Peter Koehn - Refugees From Revolution: U.S. Policy and Third World Migration

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Peter Koehn Refugees From Revolution: U.S. Policy and Third World Migration
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Refugees from Revolution
First published 1991 by Westview Press
Published 2019 by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright 1991 Taylor & Francis
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Koehn, Peter H.
Refugees from revolution : U.S. policy and Third-World Migration /
by Peter H. Koehn.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. RefugeesGovernment policyUnited States. 2. Refugees.
I. Title.
JV6601.R4K642 1991
325.210973dc20
91-31275
CIP
ISBN 13: 978-0-367-28541-8 (hbk)
Contents
PART ONE
THIRD-WORLD REFUGEE FORMATION
PART TWO
POST-REVOLUTION MIGRATION ROUTES
PART THREE
THIRD-WORLD EXILES IN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES: THE U.S. RECEPTION
PART FOUR
REPATRIATION
PART FIVE
CONCLUSIONS
Guide
Tables
Figures
It is a pleasure to acknowledge here that many people generously assisted with various aspects of Refugees from. Revolution. Although only a few can be singled out for individual recognition, all are remembered. I am most grateful to:
-Girma Negash and Elsabet Tesfaye for the insights which inspired the decision to become professionally involved with exile communities;
-The Rockefeller Foundations Population Sciences Program, especially Mary Kritz, and to the University of Montana for financial assistance and support;
-Girma Negash, Mohammad Amjad, Tsehaye Teferra, Fisseha Tekie, Abdul Mohamed, each of the project interviewers, Jon Gundersen, Aminata Diop, Konjit Bekele, Bereket Habte Sellassie, and Carolyn Waller for encouragement and special assistance during the field-woik stage;
-Dick Lane, Janet McMaster, Dell McCann, Annajeannette Presnell, Sue Koehn, and Faith Lane for work on various stages of data processing and manuscript preparation;
-Paul G. Lauren, Shahin Monshipour, Mehrdad Kia, Richard Drake, Abraham Demoz, Carolyn Waller, Tewolde Habte Michael, Elsabet Tesfaye, and Girma Negash, for time spent reading and commenting on various portions of the manuscript;
-Robert E. Mazur for valuable suggestions at the conceptualization stage as well as a thorough review of the entire manuscript;
-Miriam Gilbert, Barbara Ellington, and, especially, Rebecca Ritke at Westview Press for their interest, patience, and useful contributions.
Above all, I am indebted to the many refugees from revolution who have taken time over the past eight years of involvement on this project to share their personal and often traumatic experiences and who have generously and patiently explained their migration decisions. It is to their future, and to the well being of others similarly situated or in the position of a potential refugee, that this book is dedicated.
Peter H. Koehn
Missoula, Montana
Ours is the age cf the refugee, the displaced person, mass immigration.
Edward Said
The movement of vast human populations across porous borders provides a striking indication of the declining relevance of the nation state at the dawn of the 21st century. East German authorities could not keep young people in; the United States Border Patrol cannot keep undocumented migrant workers from Central America out Chinese students engaged in overseas study, distressed by their governments response to events in Tiananmen Square, delay their return home. In the wake of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, a mass multinational exodus of third-country citizens occurs. Wealthy German and Scandinavian tourists maintain second homes on East African beaches. Not far away, on both sides of two borders in the Horn of Africa, hundreds of thousands of people subsist in squalor following involuntary population exchanges between Ethiopia and Sudan, and Ethiopia and Somalia. Another generation of Fulani herders in West Africa, undeterred by political boundaries arbitrarily established by self-interested and long-departed imperialist powers, continues to follow the rains. In Western Europe, meanwhile, government leaders in the former colonialist states plan the erosion of their countries own archaic boundaries by 1993.
In todays interdependent world, more people traverse national borders than ever before. Massive population movements across permeable bound-aries
International migrants also generate complex problems for national and transnational policy makers. The most recent and challenging pressures more often stem from the temporary movement of nationals out of their place of origin than from the familiar authorized permanent migration of new immigrants. The temporary departure phenomenon, which frequently extends far beyond the anticipated duration, involves migrant laborers, expatriate executives employed by transnational corporations and international agencies, students, entertainers, tourists, the victims of famine and environmental disasters, and political refugees. The complexity and strength of the forces behind these developments, as well as the number of people affected and threatened, affirm the central place of refugee movements and economic migrations in the study of contemporary international relations.
South-North Population Flows
The worlds principal population exchanges no longer occur among industrialized countries. In both volume and impact, the predominant axes of the new transnational migration are South-South and, increasingly, South-North. The South-North nexus is of principal concern in this book. Although it is important to understand all of the streams which comprise the new migration, this study focuses on the cross-continental movement of refugees following Third World revolutions.
The temporary migration of masses of Third World residents into industrialized nations constitutes a late 20th-century phenomenon with far-reaching implications for international relations that are not yet fully appreciated by scholars and public-policy makers. In the prevailing world system, wealthy Western nations export manufactured goods, technical services, food, and weapons to poor countries in the Third World. The South continues to send raw materials to the North. Some of its impoverished regions now return more capital, in the form of debt repayment, than they receive.
Although their admission has provoked controversy, official refugees actually have constituted a minor part of overall migration to the United States; legal immigrants and undocumented migrants far outnumber resettled
Among the Souths three net exports, people are likely to offer the most promising prospect for redressing the present imbalances in global power and wealth through a process which Ali Mazrui refers to as demographic counter-penetration.
Although barely visible on the current U.S. political horizon, the threat of continuous mass South-North migrations, coupled with the exercise of internal political influence by an expanding population that possesses family and other ties to the Third World, eventually might provide sufficient incentive for industrialized countries to make major concessions in international economic policy and fundamental revisions in foreign policy.
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