Heather Nicol - Arctic Borders in Globalization: North America

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NORTH AMERICAS
ARCTIC BORDERS

The University of Ottawa Press ( UOP ) is proud to be the oldest of the francophone university presses in Canada as well as the oldest bilingual university publisher in North America. Since 1936, UOP has been enriching intellectual and cultural discourse by producing peer-reviewed and award-winning books in the humanities and social sciences, in French and in English.

www.press.uOttawa.ca

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Title: North Americas Arctic borders : a world of change? / edited by Heather Nicol and Andrew Chater.

Names: Nicol, Heather N. (Heather Nora), 1953 editor. | Chater, Andrew, editor.

Series: Collection 101 (Ottawa, Ont.)

Description: Series statement: Collection 101 | Includes bibliographical references.

Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 2021020592 X | Canadiana (ebook) 20210207388 | ISBN 9780776629599 (softcover) | ISBN 9780776629605 ( PDF ) | ISBN 9780776629612 ( EPUB )

Subjects: LCSH : North AmericaBoundariesArctic regions. | LCSH : Arctic regionsBoundariesNorth America. | LCSH : GeopoliticsNorth America. | LCSH : GeopoliticsArctic regions. | LCSH : Arctic regionsInternational status. | LCSH : Arctic regionsStrategic aspects. | LCSH : Globalization North America. | LCSH : GlobalizationArctic regions.

Classification: LCC JC 323 . N 67 2021 | DDC 320.1/2dc23

Legal Deposit: Fourth Quarter 2021 Library and Archives Canada Printed in Canada Production Team Copy editing Robbie McCaw Proofreading Michael Waldin Typesetting John van der Woude, JVDW Designs Cover design Lefranois agence marketing B2B Cover Image Map, Shutterstock

University of Ottawa Press 2021 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, or stored in a database and retrieval system, without the prior permission. In the case of photocopying or any other reprographic copying, please secure licenses from: Access Copyright www.accesscopyright.ca 1-800-893-5777 For foreign rights and permissions: www.iprlicense.com

The University of Ottawa Press gratefully acknowledges the support extended to its publishing list by the Government of Canada, the Canada Council for the Arts, the Ontario Arts Council, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences through the Awards to Scholarly Publications Program, and by the University of Ottawa.

Table of Contents

1.Lines on the Land and Sea

Evolving North Territorial Claims and International Borders

by Heather Nicol and Andrew Chater

Westphalia and the Rules of Colonization

Establishing the Claims

Sovereignty and Terra Nullius

Establishing Colonial Empires

Lines on the Land

Maritime Borders Defined and Disputed

Who Owns the Northwest Passage?

Conclusions

2.Governance of the North American Arctic

by Heather Nicol and Andrew Chater

The Arctic Council and International Co-operation

The North American North and Arctic Council Co-operation

Other International Frameworks for Co-operation

Treaties and Binding Agreements

UNCLOS or Arctic Council?

Subnational and Indigenous Governance

Conclusions

3.Culture of the Arctic Borderlands

by Heather Nicol and Andrew Chater

Colonial Divide

Greenlandic Experience

Shaping New Borders Within

Resisting the International Border

Sovereignty and Indigenous Agency

Conclusions

4.Trade, Economies, and Flows

by Heather Nicol and Karen Everett

Globalization and Regional Trends

NorthSouth Borders of Trade

Global Trends in Investment

Globalization and Labour Migration

Existing Regional Infrastructures

International Regulatory Frameworks

Regional Forums for Economic Co-operation

Conclusions

5.Sustainability in the Arctic Borderlands

by Heather Nicol and Justin Barnes

The Roots of Environmental Regional Co-operation

The Emergence of Sustainable Development and Environmental Multilateralism in the Circumpolar North

Environmental Co-operation: From Intergovernmental Forums to Global Frameworks

Emerging Co-management Trends in Cross-Border Water Management

Managing Freshwater Bodies across Arctic Borders

Recent Trends in Regional Environmental Co-operation

Conclusions

6.Security

by Heather Nicol and Andrew Chater

A History of Conventional Security Concerns in North America

Managing Geopolitical Threats Through Defence Co-operation

Arctic Strategies

Human Security

Conclusions

Conclusion

by Heather Nicol and Andrew Chater

Reference List

List of Contributors

Map 1.1.	Russian America, 1860
Map 1.2.	The extent of claims to the Alaskan Panhandle boundary line before 1903 arbitration
Map 1.3.	Norways disputed claim to eastern Greenland
Map 1.4.	The status of maritime boundaries in the North American North
Map 1.5.	Beaufort Sea dispute showing difference between American and Canadian claims
Map 1.6.	Canadian Northwest Passage in context of the circumpolar region, and in relation to the Northern Sea Route and Transpolar Sea Route
Map 2.1.	The circumpolar North
Map 2.2.	Arctic Council search and rescue agreement Areas of application
Map 3.1.	Indigenous Peoples and languages of Alaska and the Yukon borderlands area
Map 3.2.	Alaska Native regional corporations
Map 3.3.	Modern treaties in Canada
Map 4.1.	GRP (gross regional product) per capita in PPP (purchasing power parity) in the Arctic regions in 2016: Value added by main industry
Figure 4.1.	Alaska, Arctic Canada and Greenland: Value added by main industry measured in per cent of GRP : 2008 and 2012
Table 4.1.	Merchandise trade with the world, 2017
Table 4.2.	Territorial Arctic merchandise trade, 2017
Map 4.2.	Net migration in the circumpolar region
Map 5.1.	Location of the Beaufort Sea Large Ocean Management Area ( LOMA )
Map 5.2.	The North Water Pikialasorsuaq Polynya
Map 5.3.	Location of the Yukon River Basin in Canada and Alaska

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