Alexander Motyl - Nations in Transit - 2000-2001: Civil Society, Democracy and Markets in East Central Europe and Newly Independent States

Edited by Adrian Karatnycky, Alexander Motyl, and Amanda Schnetzer

First published 2001 by Transaction Publishers

Published 2019 by Routledge

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First issued in hardback 2019

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Copyright 2001 by Freedom House, Inc.

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This publication was made possible through support provided by the U.S. Agency for International Development, under the terms of Grant No. DHR-0001-G-00-6030-00. The opinions expressed herein are those of Freedom House and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development.

Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2001037346

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Nations in transit, 2001 :civil society, democracy, and markets in East Central Europe and the Newly Independent States / edited by Adrian Karatnycky, Alexander Motyl, and Amanda Schnetzer.

p.cm.

This volume, which covers events from July 1, 1999 through October 31, 2000, is an updated edition of surveys published in 2000, 1998, 1997, and 1995.

Freedom House.

ISBN 0-7658-0897-8 (pbk. : alk. paper)

1. Europe, EasternPolitics and government1989. 2. Former Soviet republicsPolitics and government. 3. Civil societyEurope, Eastern. 4. Civil societyFormer Soviet republics. 5. Europe, EasternEconomic conditions1989. 6. Former Soviet republicsEconomic conditions. I. Title: Civil society, democracy, and markets in East Central Europe and the Newly Independent States. II. Karatnycky, Adrian. III. Motyl, Alexander J. IV. Schnetzer, Amanda. V. Freedom House (U.S.)

JN96.A58 N384 2001a

ISBN 13: 978-1-138-52867-3 (hbk)

ISBN 13: 978-0-7658-0897-4 (pbk)

Adrian Karatnycky

Alexander Motyl

Stephen Handelman

N ations in Transit 2001 could not have been completed without the dedicated and expert advice of the projects academic consultants. Freedom House is especially grateful to Alexander Motyl, the associate director of the Center for Global Change and Governance at Rutgers University-Newark, for reviewing and providing editorial guidance on the country reports; Stephen Handelman, an associate at the Harriman Institute and the author of Comrade Criminal: Russias New Mafiya, for editing the corruption sections of the country reports; and Boris Shor, the coordinator of the Nations in Transit 1997 survey, for providing editorial guidance on the economic sections of the country reports.

Freedom House also thanks the members of the projects academic oversight boards, which primarily were responsible for determining the country ratings and reviewing selected country reports. In addition to Mr. Handelman and Mr. Motyl, the American board includes Richard Ericson, a professor of economics at Columbia University; Charles Gati, a fellow and senior adjunct professor at the School of Advanced International Studies at Johns Hopkins University; and Stephen Holmes of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. The board of advisers from Central and Eastern Europe and the New Independent States includes Florian Bieber, researcher, European Center for Minority Issues (Sarajevo); Artan Hoxha, research director, Institute of Contemporary Studies (Tirana); Olga Kryshtanovskaya, general director, Institute for Applied Politics (Moscow); Alexandru Lazescu, president, INSIDE Association (Bucharest); Nasib Nassibli, dean, School of Law and Social Sciences, Khazar Univiversity (Baku); Hryhoriy Nemyria, director, Center for European and International Studies, Institute of International Relations (Kiev); Gevork Pogosian, president, Armenian Sociological Association (Yerevan); Ognjen Pribicevic, research fellow, Institute for Social Sciences (Belgrade); and Nikolai Sitter, associate professor, Department of Public Governance, The Norwegian School of Management (Oslo).

Freedom House also thanks the principal authors of the country reports: Sabirzyan Badertinov, former senior editor, Radio Liberty (Turkmenistan report); Gordon Bardos, program officer, Harriman Institute, Columbia University (Bosnia and Yugoslavia reports); Scott Carlson, director, CEE Programs, American Bar Association Central and East European Law Initiative (Albania report); Emil Danielyan, Yerevan correspondent, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (Armenia report); Bhavna Dave, Department of Political Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (Kazakhstan report); Janusz Durlik, deputy director, Public Opinion Research Center (Poland report); Eran Fraenkel, executive director, Search for Common Ground in Macedonia (Macedonia report); Gregory Gleason, professor of political science and public administration, University of New Mexico (Uzbekistan report); Charles Graybow, a doctoral candidate at New York University (Croatia and Kyrgyzstan reports); Olexiy Haran, director, Center for National Security Studies, University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy (Ukraine report); Glen Howard, analyst, Global Strategies Division, Science Applications International Corporation (Tajikistan report); Ivars Indans, researcher, Latvian Institute of International Affairs (Latvia report); Charles King, assistant professor of foreign service and government, Georgetown University (Moldova report); Ivan Krastev, chairman, Centre for Liberal Strategies (Bulgaria report); Taras Kuzio, senior research fellow, Center for International and Security Studies, York University (Belarus report); Eric Lepisto, a doctoral candidate at Columbia University (Azerbaijan report); Aneta Lomovska, director of external affairs, Lithuanian Free Market Institute (Lithuania report); Catherine Lovatt, Black Sea editor,