Jennifer Todd - Political Transformation and National Identity Change: Comparative Perspectives

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Political Transformation and National Identity Change

The major socio-political changes of the last decades have led to changing ways of being national, changes in the content of national identity if not in the national categories themselves.

This book uses examples of:

• transitions to democracy (East Europe, Spain)
• to peace (South Africa, Israel, Northern Ireland) and
• to territorial decentralisation (the United Kingdom, France, Spain)

It shows in each case how socio-political change and identity change have interlocked. Political Transformation and National Identity Change defines a typology of national identity shift, traces the changing state forms which provoke national identity shift, and analyses the process of identity change, its motivations and legitimations.

This book brings together an interdisciplinary group of scholars, from world figures in the study of globalisation and social identity to young researchers, to provide much needed theoretical clarification and empirical evidence of types of national identity shift. It is a central text for students and scholars alike.

This book was previously published as a special issue of Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. The editors acknowledge funding from the EU Programme for Peace and Reconciliation, through the Irish Higher Education Authority North South Strand 2 programme, which not only funded some of the research but also allowed this group of scholars to discuss the issues over a number of days in Dublin.

Jennifer Todd is at the School of Politics and International Relations, University College Dublin.

Lorenzo Cas Bottos is at the Estonian Institute of Humanities, Talinn University.

Nathalie Rougier is an independent researcher working in Vienna.

Political Transformation and National Identity Change

Comparative Perspectives

Edited by Jennifer Todd , Lorenzo Cas Bottos and Nathalie Rougier

First published 2008

by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2008 Edited by Jennifer Todd, Lorenzo Cas Bottos and Nathalie Rougier

Typeset in 11/13pt Baskerville
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
Biddles Ltd, King's Lynn

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

ISBN 10: 0415440149 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 9780415440141 (hbk)

Contents

JENNIFER TODD

Concepts and theories

JENNIFER TODD, THERESA O'KEEFE, NATHALIE ROUGIER, AND LORENZO CAS BOTTOS

JOHN BONE

ROLAND ROBERTSON

RICHARD JENKINS

The role of the state

STEFAN AUER

JORDI ARGELAGUET

GUY BEN-PORAT

JOSEPH L. KLESNER

JOSEPH RUANE

Processes and experiences of national identity change

ZOE BRAY

GLADYS GANIEL

GRAHAM DAY, HOWARD DAVIS, AND ANGELA DRAKAKIS-SMITH

KATRINA McLAUGHLIN, KAREN TREW, AND ORLA T. MULDOON

LORENZO CAS BOTTOS AND NATHALIE ROUGIER

Collective identity is not static. Like individual identity, it is subject to continual evolution based on a variety of influences. The present volume, the product of an interdisciplinary research project involving political scientists, sociologists, anthropologists, and psychologists, makes a major contribution to the continuing debate on nationalism and ethnonational identity. In a wide-ranging and intellectually engaging set of studies, the contributors to this volume address themselves to the theme of collective identity by using theoretical, case-oriented, and comparative approaches and marshalling a variety of qualitative and quantitative evidence survey data, documentation, personal narratives, and interviews.

The authors analyze the formation, change, and mobilization of identity, both in terms of existing theories and with a view to formulating new ones, by focusing on nine countries spread across four continents. All these countries are democracies and all have more or less plural societies, but they represent a variety of political contexts. Special attention is devoted to Ireland; this is not surprising, not only because the research was based in Dublin but also because that island, on both sides of the divide, continues to be a laboratory for the study of challenges to ethnonational identity.

The authors explore the major variables in the shaping of collective identity, among them the nature of the state, the structure of civil society and the relationships existing within it, and even psychological determinants. They analyze the roles of economics, institutional changes, external pressures, sociopolitical elites, and the prevailing system of individual and group rights in overcoming religious, racial, sociobiological, and other primordial constraints to identity change as well as the weight of history and of collective myths.

A significant part of the book is devoted to the place of the state. On the one hand, there is the traditional power of official authorities to define, channel, and monitor identity by means of policies and the manipulation of symbols. On the other hand, there are the challenges to that power posed by the movement of populations, the porousness of frontiers, and the impact of globalization, challenges that contribute to growing identity crises. Among the varied facilitators of identity change examined by the authors are postindustrial development; global and regional pressures; the influx of immigrants; the changing role of religion in the face of progressive secularization; democratization; and race and language policies.

This is an important book, not only because identity is a major element of collective ethnonational consciousness but because identity change is both a cause of change in interethnic relations and a response to it.

William Safran
University of Colorado at Boulder

1
Introduction

JENNIFER TODD
University College Dublin

The rapid socio-political changes of the past two decades have produced a new intensive phase of research on ethnicity and nationality. Globalization, European integration, transitions to democracy, the relatively successful settlement of long-standing conflicts in South Africa and Northern Ireland, the failed settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and, more recently, the highlighting of ethno-religious distinction and conflict following 9/11, form the context of this research. One of the most striking aspects of the new literature is a convergence of the concerns of political scientists, sociologists and social psychologists around questions of the changing content and salience of nationality, and the role of national identifications in the new forms of politics. How and when does national identity change? How is such change to be conceived and investigated?

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