Lawrence S. Rothenberg - Environmental Choices: Policy Responses to Green Demands

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Environmental Choices

Environmental Choices

Policy Responses to Green Demands

---

Lawrence S. Rothenberg

University of Rochester

CQ Press
A Division of Congressional Quarterly Inc.
1255 22nd Street, N.W., Suite 400
Washington, D.C. 20037

(202) 822-1475; (800) 638-1710

www.cqpress.com

2002 by CQ Press, A Division of Congressional Quarterly Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Printed and bound in the United States of America

06 05 04 03 02 5 4 3 2 1

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992.

Cover design: Karen Doody

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Rothenberg, Lawrence S.

Environmental choices: policy responses to green demands / Lawrence S. Rothenberg.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-56802-630-7 (pbk. : alk. paper)

1. Environmental policyUnited States. 2. Environmental qualityUnited States. 3. EnvironmentalismUnited States. I. Title.

GE180 .R67 2002

363.70560973dc21

2001008314

In memory of Jeffrey S. Banks (19582000),
extraordinary scholar and dear friend

Contents

Tables and Figures

Tables

Figures

List of Acronyms

ANILCA	Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980
AUM	Animal unit month
BLM	Bureau of Land Management
CAA	Clean Air Act
CAFE	Corporate average fuel economy
CBO	Congressional Budget Office
CCC	Civilian Conservation Corps
CEQ	Council on Environmental Quality
CERCLA	Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (Superfund)
CFC	Chlorofluorocarbon
CPSC	Consumer Product Safety Commission
CWA	Clean Water Act
DDT	Dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane
DOD	Department of Defense
DOI	Department of Interior
EPA	Environmental Protection Agency
EPCRA	Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986
ESA	Endangered Species Act
FDA	Food and Drug Administration
FIFRA	Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
FLPMA	Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976
FQPA	Food Quality Protection Act
FWS	Fish and Wildlife Service
GAO	General Accounting Office
GNP	Gross national product
LCV	League of Conservation Voters
NAAQS	National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NEPA	National Environmental Policy Act
NIMBY	Not in My Backyard
NPDES	National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NPL	National Priority List
NPS	National Park Service
OMB	Office of Management and Budget
OSHA	Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PRIA	Public Rangelands Improvement Act of 1978
PRP	Potentially responsible parties
RCRA	Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
SARA	Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986
SDWA	Safe Drinking Water Act
TMDL	Total maximum daily load
TRI	Toxic Release Inventories
TSCA	Toxic Substance Control Act
TVA	Tennessee Valley Authority
USDA	U.S. Department of Agriculture
USFS	United States Forest Service

Preface

E nvironmental policies in the United States often appear to be a perplexing morassfragmented, contradictory, inconsistent, and rule-bound. Although it is fairly easy to describe the policy system, it is far more difficult to gain a deeper understanding of what determines policy and the costs and efficacy of policy initiatives.

Despite the obvious importance of the environment and the policies that govern it, contemporary books that provide a unifying analytic approach are in short supply. Environmental Choices: Policy Responses to Green Demands fills this gap. It furnishes an important overview and perspective on research and issues while providing analytic tools that challenge students intuitive understanding of environmental policy and public policy. Students using the book will be prepared to apply the knowledge gained from it to make sense of the world they observe. As well as being employed as a principal text, this book may be used in conjunction with a standard core text as a means of questioning conventional wisdom, shedding light on hard-to-understand policy features, and making connections more generally between environmental policy and public policy.

Although the book incorporates sophisticated ideas, it is written to be comprehensible. It offers and consistently applies a coherent framework that focuses both on the economic determinants of demand for environmental quality and on the nature of political supply in responding to such demands. In doing so, it provides a distinctive approach that shows how the U.S. political system produces higher environmental quality than would occur without government intervention but at a seemingly high cost.

More generally, Environmental Choices has two goals. The first is to provide a framework for understanding environmental policy that is derived from a general perspective on public policy. Environmental policy is a manifestation of more general processes that affect policy and is best understood that way. Drawing heavily on existing social science about public policyand about how individuals, firms, organizations, and institutions make relevant choicesthe various chapters accessibly introduce key ideas in economics and political science so that readers can easily understand where demand for environmental policy comes from and how political institutions supply it.

The second goal is to survey governments environmental policies in a way that closely ties in to the analytical framework. Consequently, rather than being presented with the history of environmental policy choices and their influences as a laundry list of accomplishments and failures, students are given a perspective from which to make sense of the political intervention observed, the policy instruments and agencies chosen, and the level of government and means of enforcement selected.

In communicating complicated and nuanced ideas, Environmental Choices employs a variety of helpful pedagogic tools. Key terms appear in bold face and are listed at the end of each chapter. Key data are presented in easy-to-digest tables and figures. And extensive references are provided to direct readers who are interested in exploring further.

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