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Shah Dr Alam - Pakistan Army - Modernisation, Arms Procurement and Capacity Building

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Book:
Pakistan Army - Modernisation, Arms Procurement and Capacity Building
Author:
Shah Dr Alam
Publisher:
Vij Multimedia
Genre:
Books / Politics
Year:
2012
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E book published by

Vij Multimedia

A division of Vij Books India Pvt Ltd
(Publishers, Distributors & Importers)
2/19, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj
New Delhi 110002
Phones: 91-11-43596460, 91-11-47340674
Fax: 91-11-47340674
e-mail :
web: www.vijbooks.com

ISBN: 978-93-81411-79-7

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Application for such permission should be addressed to the publisher.

The views expressed in the book are of the author and not necessarily those of the publishers.

Printed in India at
Narula Printers

Preface

Pakistan emerged with Indias partition in 1947. The newly created state felt need for strong armed forces to secure borders and meet external challenges. Pakistan initiated military modernisation programme to meet defence needs. Military modernisation largely depends on the countrys financial strength and the ability to make strategic alliances. Financial and industrial constraints are elements that had forceful impact on Pakistans armed forces modernisation policy. Initially, the Pakistan Army had faced the challenges of shortage of manpower, assets, arms and finance. However, Pakistans military capability grew, despite numerous challenges. Particularly, the Army grew more rapidly than the Air Force and Navy.

Gen Ayub Khan took measures to establish defence production industry in the country and was continued by the successive regimes. Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto put emphasis in establishing the arms production industry that was continued by the Zia regime. Pakistan took foreign assistance in establishing defence production industry, but achieved partial success in producing arms of its own. Pakistan continued to rely on foreign arms suppliers for its army and other services because of industrial and financial constraints.

Pakistans relations with the US had passed through ups and downs and the two countries could not maintain a long stable relationship and irritants continued. The US sought to continue its relations with Pakistan due to its strategic location and some other reasons. Pakistan was in the quest for security and needed financial assistance and arms from the US and the West, to bolster its security. In order to bolster its security, Pakistan signed security and defence pacts with the US and entered into the US/ West-sponsored security pacts. The event had changed the direction of Pakistan, and that of the Pakistan Army. However, Pakistan continued to face challenges in modernising its Army.

Pakistan-US warm relations in the 1950s and Pakistans defence and security pacts with the US and the West facilitated the flows of funds and arms to Pakistan. But, the flow of arms and funds to Pakistan did not continue in the 1960s as in the 1950s. The US and Britain imposed arms supply embargo on Pakistan in the event of India-Pakistan war 1965. The event brought a turning point in Pakistans arms acquisitions policy and the Eastern bloc assumed a significant place for obtaining arms. Beijing supplied arms to Islamabad during the India-Pakistan war 1965 and continued that. In the 1970s, China supplied tanks, in bulk, to Pakistan, that played a significant role in modernising and strengthening the Army. China supplied not only arms to Pakistan but also assisted in establishing defence production industry. Chinas arms transfer policy to Pakistan indicates the convergence of views between the two countries on regional security.

Pakistan-US relation was not warm in the 1970s. As a result, Islamabad received few arms from Washington. The US and the West resumed arms supply to Pakistan in the 1980s, in the event of the Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan, in 1979. Pakistan received arms and funds in bulk from the US and the West in the 1980s but the momentum did not continue in the 1990s. However, the Pakistan Army grew substantially and comprehensively in the 1980s because of the flow of the US and the West funds and arms to Pakistan. The US again supplied arms to Pakistan, post-September 2001. Pakistan obtained tanks and other arms from Russia, Belarus and Ukraine in the 1990s and onwards. Pakistans arms acquisition policy helped in expanding and modernising the army. Command and control structure of the Pakistan Army improved too.

China had been playing a significant role in expanding, developing and modernising the Pakistan Army with supplying arms since the 1960s. China supplied not only tanks and arms in bulk to Pakistan, but also assisted in establishing the defence industrial complex. China had played a significant role in establishing and expanding Pakistans defence industrial base. Beijing supplied nuclear-related material and technologies to Islamabad and missiles and missile-related technologies as well. Pakistan-China complex relationship and Beijings arms transfer policy towards Islamabad added intricacies in the regional security.

The Pakistan Army has considerably improved but still carries shortcomings. Pakistans dependency on external arms suppliers will be continuing because of financial and industrial constraints. These factors are major challenges in the modernisation process of the Pakistan Army. Nonetheless, Pakistan will continue modernisation of the Army, with inducting new and sophisticated arms and improving command and control system.

This book undertakes the Pakistan Armys genesis, development, modernisation, arms procurement, command and control, and decision-making process. The study explains and analyses the Pakistan Armys expansion, development and modernisation process that began in the 1950s and continued, despite several obstacles. Pakistan received arms, technology and funds from abroad, for its Army. The foreign countries had played the crucial role in the modernisation drive of the Pakistan Army. The book examines the relationship between the recipient and the suppliers and their dynamics.

Dr Shah Alam

New Delhi
December 2011

Abbreviations and Acronyms

AFRC	Armed Forces Reconstitution Committee
AG	Adjutant General
APC	Armoured Personnel Carrier
ARC	Army Reserve Central
ARN	Army Reserve North
ARS	Army Reserve South
ARV	Armoured Recovery Vehicle
ATM	Anti-tank Missile
CENTO	Central Treaty Organisation
CGS	Chief of General Staff
C-in-C	Commander-in-Chief
CLS	Chief of Logistics Staff
COAS	Chief of Army Staff
COS	Chief of Staff
DCC	Defence Committee of the Cabinet
UNO	United Nations Organisation
USSR	United Soviet Socialist Republic
DMT	Directorate of Military Training
FATA	Federally Administered Tribal Areas
FF	Frontier Forces
GHQ	General Headquarters
GOC	General Officer Commanding
HIT	Heavy Industry Taxila
HRF	Heavy Rebuild Factory
HQ	Headquarters
IGT&E	Inspector General of T
IISS	International Institute for Strategic Studies
IMA	Indian Military Academy
IOP

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