Julia Buxton - The Politics of Narcotic Drugs: A Survey

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THE POLITICS OF

NARCOTIC DRUGS

THE POLITICS OF

NARCOTIC DRUGS

A SURVEY

FIRST EDITION

Editor: Julia Buxton

First edition 2011

Routledge

Albert House, 14 Singer Street, London EC2A 4BQ, United Kingdom

(Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor&Francis Group, an informa business)

Routledge 2011

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be photocopied, recorded, or otherwise reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means without the prior permission of the copyright owner.

ISBN 978-1-85743-501-6 (hbk)

ISBN 978-0-203-83886-0 (ebk)

Editor Europa New Projects: Cathy Hartley

The publishers make no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may take place.

Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Group Ltd

Contents

JULIA BUXTON

DAVID MANSFIELD AND ADAM PAIN

PHILIP ROBINS

JENNIFER SCHIRMER

LAURIE FREEMAN

MARTIN ELVINS

SUE PRYCE

EKATERINA STEPANOVA

STEVE ROLLES

EMILY CRICK

JULIA BUXTON

List of Illustrations

MAPS

M.1	Golden triangle opium cultivation: South-East Asia
M.2	Afghanistan opium poppy cultivation: provincial level 2009
M.3	Coca cultivation areas: Andes

TABLES

9.1
9.2
9.3
T.1	International drug conventions
T.2	Global annual prevalence of illicit drug use
T.3	Bolivia coca cultivation and potential cocaine production 19892008
T.4	Peru coca cultivation and potential cocaine production 19892008
T.5	Colombia coca cultivation and potential cocaine production 19892008
T.6	Opium poppy cultivation
T.7	Opium production
T.8	Coca cultivation displacement Colombia during Plan Colombia
T.9	Main opium cultivating provinces in Afghanistan 2009
T.10	Regional distribution of opium cultivation in Afghanistan, 200809

FIGURES

F.1	Estimated global value of illicit commodities in billions
F.2	Total global potential cocaine production (metric tons) 199099
F.3	Total global potential cocaine production (metric tons) 200008
F.4	Global coca bush cultivation 2008
F.5	Potential global cocaine production 2008
F.6	Main source of cannabis herb
F.7	Main source countries of cannabis resin
F.8	Profit chain in the illicit cocaine trade
F.9	Profit chain in the illicit opium trade
F.10	Wholesale heroin price, Europe and the USA 19902006
F.11	Western European cocaine retail and wholesale prices 19902007 in Euros
F.12	USA cocaine retail and wholesale prices 19902008 in US$
F.13	Global heroin seizures 19982007 in metric tons
F.14	Global morphine seizures 19982007 (metric tons)
F.15	Global opium seizures in heroin equivalents 19982007
F.16	Cocaine seizures by region 2007 in metric tons
F.17	Cocaine Seizures in Europe (metric tons) 19982007
F.18	Cocaine seizures in Africa 19982007 (metric tons)
F.19	Global cannabis herb seizures 19972007
F.20	Cannabis herb seizures by region 2007 in metric tons
F.21	Cannabis resin seizures (metric tons) 19972007
F.22	Cannabis herb seizures (in percentages) by region 2007
F.23	Sources of seized East and South East Asia methamphetamine 20022007 as identified by countries in the Annual Reports Questionnaire
F.24	Methamphetamine seizures by region 2007 in percentages
F.25	Global methamphetamine seizures (metric tons) 19982007
F.26	Global amphetamine seizures (metric tons) 19972007
F.27	Seizure of amphetamine group substances as a percentage of world total
F.28	Ecstasy group seizures (kilograms) 19972007
F.29	Ecstasy group seizures by region 2007
F.30	Ecstasy group seizures by country 2007

The editor and contributors

Julia Buxton is Senior Research Fellow in the Centre for International Co-operation and Security, Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford. She is a specialist on the trade in narcotic drugs, with publications that include Alternative Development in Counter Narcotics Strategy: An Opportunity Lost in J. Tokatlian (ed.), Drugs and Prohibition: An Old War, a New Debate , Buenos Aires: Libros de Zorzal, 2010; A History of Drug Control in P. Keefer and N. Loayza (eds), Innocent Bystanders , World Bank Publications, 2010; The UK drug problem in global perspective, Soundings , 42, Summer 2009; and The Political Economy of Narcotic Drugs , Zed Books, 2006.

Emily Crick has been a researcher at Transform Drug Policy Foundation and carries out freelance research on drugs policy and security. She studied history at Goldsmiths College, University of London and has Masters degrees in South Asian studies and international relations. Emily worked in the international media for 10 years including stints at Reuters and NBC News. She has also spent time working for the Vietnamese Government news agency in Viet Nam and at the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies in India.

Martin Elvins lectures in Politics and International Relations at the University of Dundee. His research focuses on public policy decision-making that relates to protection of citizens from some form of harm (actual or perceived), with a specific interest in the global drugs problem, international co-operation in response to drugs trafficking, and law enforcement strategies that seek to combat cross-border criminal activity. His publications include Scotland in P. Hadfield (ed.) Nightlife and Crime , Oxford University Press, 2009; Anti-drugs Policies of the European Union: Transnational Decision-making and the Politics of Expertise , Palgrave Macmillan, 2003; and Europes Response to Transnational Organised Crime, in A. Edwards and P. Gill (eds) Policy Responses to Transnational Organised Crime , Routledge, 2003.

Laurie Freeman is a current Fellow and a former Associate for Mexico and Security Policy at the Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA), a non-governmental policy advocacy organization. Laurie Freeman worked for more than three years in Mexico, first at the Miguel Agustn Pro Jarez Human Rights Center (PRODH) in Mexico City, and later as a researcher for The Washington Post s Mexico bureau. While at the Post , she contributed to a series on human rights and the rule of law in Mexico, which won the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting. Laurie Freeman has a Masters in public affairs from the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University.

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