Pakistans Counterterrorism Challenge
South Asia in World Affairs Series
T. V. Paul, Series Editor
Editorial Advisory Board
Rajesh Basrur
Maya Chadda
Stephen P. Cohen
C. Christine Fair
Timothy
Hoyt
Paul Kapur
Rajesh Rajagopalan
Aseema Sinha
Titles in the Series
Afghan Endgames: Strategy and Policy Choices for Americas Longest War
Hy Rothstein and John Arquilla, editors
Vying for Allahs Vote: Understanding Islamic Parties,
Political Violence, and Extremism in Pakistan
Haroon K. Ullah
PAKISTANS
COUNTERTERRORISM CHALLENGE
Moeed Yusuf
Editor
2014 Georgetown University Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Pakistans counterterrorism challenge / Moeed Yusuf, Editor.
pages cm. (South Asia in World Affairs Series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-62616-045-3 (pbk.: alk. paper)
1. TerrorismPakistanPrevention. 2. CounterinsurgencyPakistan 3. Internal securityPakistan 4. Islamic fundamentalismPakistan 5. Military assistance, AmericanPakistan. I. Yusuf, Moeed.
HV6433.P18P36 2014
363.325 16095491dc23
2013028045
This book is printed on acid-free paper meeting the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence in Paper for Printed Library Materials.
21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 First printing
Printed in the United States of America
To all Pakistani and global citizens
who have fallen victim to the evil of terrorism,
and to those working to fight the menace
with dedication and sincerity
Contents
MOEED YUSUF
MOEED YUSUF
with contributions from Megan Neville, Ayesha Chugh, and Stephanie Flamenbaum
MARVIN G. WEINBAUM
EJAZ HAIDER
SAVAIL MEEKAL HUSSAIN and MEHREEN ZAHRA-MALIK
SUHAIL HABIB TAJIK
AHMER BILAL SOOFI
MUHAMMAD AMIR RANA
ZAFARULLAH KHAN
ANATOL LIEVEN
MOEED YUSUF
Illustrations
Maps
1 Pakistans Administrative Regions
2 Pakistans Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas
Tables
Acknowledgments
This book marks the culmination of over three years of efforts by the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) Pakistan program to examine and analyze various aspects of the terrorism challenge the Pakistani state has been facing for the better part of a decade. The project would not have been possible without the resources made available by the Institutes Pakistan program. I especially wish to thank Tara Sonenshine, Abi Williams, Alex Thier, and Andrew Wilder, who saw merit in this project and remained supportive in their respective capacities at USIP.
The inspiration for this volume came from the plethora of conversations and debates about terrorism and counterterrorism efforts in Pakistan that have been ongoing in Washington (and Pakistan) for some years. USIPs Pakistan program managers felt that insufficient space and opportunity existed for a practitioners perspective on the problem from the ground in Pakistan. Therefore, foremost, I am grateful to all the authors who agreed to contribute to this volume and persevered in producing quality chapters. The journey of this volume has been an intense one, given the fast-changing environment in Pakistan and the consequent need for regular updates. The authors have all been extremely patient and forthcoming.
I was very fortunate to have excellent research and administrative assistance throughout the life of this project. Special gratitude is due to my very able and diligent associates, Megan Neville, Stephanie Flamenbaum, Ayesha Chugh, and Sairah Yusuf, who not only provided research support but also contributed through substantive and conceptual inputs to the book. All of them were deeply involved in helping me streamline the volumes focus and in reviewing and editing chapters. Most importantly, they held me to task and kept the project together whenever I wavered. Emily Horin was a great help in all housekeeping matters in the final stages of the project. I also owe gratitude to Valerie Norville, Michelle Slavin, Marie Marr, Kay Hechler, and their team in the USIP publications department for all their support and to the Georgetown University Press team for bringing the volume into its final form.
Finally, I must thank my family, especially my wife, Shanza Khan, for her understanding and support as this project moved from concept to this final product.
Abbreviations
AACP | Action in Aid of Civil Power |
AJK | Azad Jammu Kashmir |
ANF | Anti-Narcotics Force |
ANP | Awami National Party |
ASF | Airport Security Force |
ATA | Anti-Terrorism Act (1997) |
ATB | Afghan-trained boys |
ATC | Anti-Terrorism Court |
BM | Al-Badar Mujahideen |
CIA | Central Intelligence Agency |
CID | Criminal Investigation Department |
CMO | counterterrorism military operations |
COIN | counterinsurgency |
CrPC | Criminal Procedure Code |
CT | counterterrorism |
CTC | Counterterrorism Center |
ECHR | European Convention on Human Rights |
ETIM | Eastern Turkestan Islamic Movement |
FATA | Federally Administered Tribal Areas |
FBI | Federal Bureau of Investigation |
FC | Frontier Corps |
FCR | Frontier Crimes Regulation |
FIA | Federal Investigation Agency |
FIR | First Information Report |
GSM | mobile-tracking systems |
HM | Hizb-ul-Mujahideen |
HuJI | Harakat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami |
HuM | Harkat-ul-Mujahideen |
HuMA | Harakat-ul-Mujahideen Al-alami |
IB | Intelligence Bureau |
ICCPR | International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |