Denis Dillon - Lessons for the Big Society: Planning, Regeneration and the Politics of Community Participation

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LESSONS FOR THE BIG SOCIETY:
PLANNING, REGENERATION AND THE POLITICS OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

Urban and Regional Planning and Development Series

Series Editor: Professor Graham Haughton

Based on over a decade of publishing the highest quality research, the urban and Regional Planning and Development Series has developed a strong profile. It is internationally recognised for its high quality research monographs. The emphasis is on presenting original research findings which are informed by theoretical sophistication and methodological rigour. It is avowedly global in its outlook, with contributions welcomed from around the world. The series is open to contributions from a wide variety of disciplines, including planning, geography, sociology, political science, public administration and economics.

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Lessons for the Big Society: Planning, Regeneration and the Politics of Community Participation

DENIS DILLON

Community Service Volunteers, UK

and

BRYAN FANNING

University College Dublin, Ireland

First published 2011 by Ashgate Publishing

Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 2011 Denis Dillon and Bryan Fanning

Denis Dillon and Bryan Fanning have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the authors of this work.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Fanning, Bryan.

Lessons for the Big Society : planning, regeneration and the politics of community participation. (Urban and regional planning and development series)

1. Urban renewalEnglandLondonCase studies. 2. Urban renewalEnglandLondonCitizen participationCase studies. 3. Political participationEnglandLondonCase studies. 4. Haringey (London, England)Social conditions21st century.

I. Title II. Series III. Dillon, Denis.

307.341609421-dc22

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fanning, Bryan.

Lessons for the big society : planning, regeneration, and the politics of community participation / by Bryan Fanning and Denis Dillon.

p. cm. (Urban and regional planning and development series)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4094-2068-2 (hardback : alk. paper)

1. Haringey (London, England)Politics and governmentCitizen participation. 2. Community lifeEnglandLondon. I. Dillon, Denis. II. Title.

JS3711.H35F36 2011

322.40942188dc23

2011016677

ISBN 9781409420682 (hbk)
ISBN 9781315592244 (ebk)

Contents

List of Figures and Maps

Figures

Maps

Foreword

The picture of community-institutional relationships in Haringey revealed in this book emerged to a considerable extent from interviews with people who have been active in the political, civic and administrative life of the borough over the last three decades. We would like to thank the community activists, neighbourhood representatives, planning, neighbourhood renewal and regeneration programme officers, current and former councillors, and others who generously shared their experiences and perspectives with us in the course of our research. This book grew out of two doctoral studies, the first undertaken during the early 1990s and the second a decade later. Both were undertaken at Birkbeck College, University of London. The book also draws on a third study in 2010 made possible by a research fellowship to the Department of Geography, Environment and Development at Birkbeck. We wish to thank Nico Hogg who took the photographs that illustrate this book. In particular, we would like to thank Professor John Solomos, Professor John Annette, Dr Sarah Hale and Dr Paul Watt for their support.

In fond memory of Patrick and Luke.

Chapter 1
Introduction

This book addresses intersecting debates about local government, planning, urban politics, urban sociology and, community development in Britain since the 1960s. We locate our analysis within the history, politics and social geography of the London Borough of Haringey since its formation in 1965. The aim of doing so is provide concrete examples of the ways in which shifting policy and political approaches have impacted on a specific place. We mostly draw on research undertaken in the early 1990s (prior to the emergence of New Labour) and a decade later on the relative abilities of local communities to influence planning and regeneration processes. We examine both institutional efforts to promote community participation in such processes and the political geography of unsolicited activism in the borough. Much of Haringeys local politics and the Councils problematic history of responsiveness to its deprived communities can hardly be explained without reference to local history and demography.

In Haringey, in October 1985, a riot occurred on the Broadwater Farm Estate following the death of Mrs Cynthia Jarrett, a black resident. The riot resulted in the death of PC Keith Blakelock; Broadwater Farm became yet another byword for urban policy failure. It had been built in the face of local opposition on open land that had been used as allotments (Gyford, 1986: 14). In 1965 the Council awarded a contract for a scheme using the Larsen-Neilson method of system building. It was apparently built with high hopes. In the words of Haringeys Chief Executive at the time of the riots in 1985:

The Chair of Planning in those days thought Broadwater Farm would be an everlasting memorial to him and his committee. That was the genuine belief. I have talked to him about it since then. What they were trying to do seemed the right thing at the time (cited in Gyford, 1986: 15).

Construction started in 1967 but was held up for some time in 1968, after the Ronan Point disaster when a similarly constructed block collapsed, and work was completed in 1973. Initially, residents were enthusiastic about the quality of their new homes. As with many such schemes, allocations were predominantly made from the clearance of old back-to-back housing. What the end result lacked however were the essentials for making the estate into a living community for over 3000 people. The shops, pub, laundrette and doctors and dentists surgery specified in the original design were cut from the scheme due to cost (Gyford, 1986: 16). Transport facilities were poor. The estate was difficult to get to by bus and from the beginning there was a dangerous polarisation between the estate and neighbouring residential areas whose residents opposed its construction. Some years before the riots a Department of the Environment report on difficult to let housing had concluded of Broadwater Farm that:

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