Wendy Joy Darby - Landscape and identity : geographies of nation and class in England

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Landscape and Identity

MATERIALIZING CULTURE

Series Editors: Paul Gilroy, Michael Herzfeld and Danny Miller

Barbara Bender, Stonehenge: Making Space

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Laura Rival (ed.), The Social Life of Trees: Anthropological Perspectives on Tree Symbolism

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Penny Van Esterik, Materializing Thailand

Michael Bull, Sounding Out the City: Personal Stereos and the Management of Everyday Life

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Landscape and Identity

Geographies of Nation and Class in England

WENDY JOY DARBY

First published 2000 by Berg Publishers

Published 2020 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Wendy Joy Darby 2000

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Typeset by JS Typesetting, Wellingborough, Northants.

ISBN 13: 978-1-8597-3425-4 (hbk)

For Penny and Andrew and in memory of my sister Veronica

Ordnance Survey in the Northern Counties

The Commissioners believe that everything
is named, that land is branded like a beast
to prove its ownership and pedigree:
a word steps softly on the moss's crust,
inks tease rivers out to becks like blue trees;
my letters stitch their banks from mouth to spring
and thread fine serifs through each mountain gill.

Contours whorl like thumbprints, circling my quill;
I dress the map in crocheted black shawls,
string beads of blood between their strands to plot
these common paths a poor man borrows, sweating
in a rich man's fields to raise good walls;

Without a name to bear him witness, I draw
an apronful of stones to mark his spot.

Mick North, from The New Lake Poets

Contents

1. vi

Guide

Maps

Figures

Organizations

• BBC British Broadcasting Corporation
• BMC British Mountaineering Council
• CHA Co-operative Holidays Association (later name-change to Countrywide Holidays Association)
• CC Countryside Commission (name-change to Countryside Agency April 1,1999)
• CLA Country Landowners' Association
• CPRE Council for the Preservation of Rural England (later name-change to Council for the Protection of Rural England)
• FLD Friends of the Lake District
• HF Holiday Fellowship
• LDDS Lake District Defense Society
• LDNP Lake District National Park
• MFPS Manchester Footpath Preservation Society
• MTCP Ministry of Town and Country Planning
• NT National Trust
• PDNP Peak District National Park
• RA Ramblers' Association
• SCR Sheffield Clarion Ramblers
• TDA Thirlmere Defense Association
• YMCA Young Men's Christian Association

Landscape designations

• AONB Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
• NNR National Nature Reserve
• SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest

Other

• LDNPP Lake District National Park Plan

This project emerges from a long-standing interest in understanding how landscape functions as a repository of social, economic and political history. Awareness of people's daily engagement with place and the meanings with which they endow it came from my earlier fieldwork as a historic preservationist in the Lake District's Hartsop Valley and through practical experience in landscape conservation and restoration. I am indebted to Christopher Tavener for bringing my landscape-located interests into conjunction with anthropology. The Department of Anthropology at The Graduate Center of the City University of New York provided an environment in which the ideas generated from this intellectual background could flourish, in part through the support and friendship of Ann Berg, Johanna Gorelick and Ian Scoggard. This project profited from detailed discussions and close readings by Joan Vincent, Jane Schneider, Vincent Crapanzano, Gerald Creed, Nathan Gross and two anonymous reviewers for Berg.

Specific funding for this project was provided by the Council for European Studies (1995) and the Wenner-Gren Foundation (1997-8). Virgin Atlantic helped make possible a last field visit. Earlier support by the Royal Oak Society (1986) allowed me to attend the Attingham Summer School, through which I gained an extraordinarily privileged view of (and from) the English country house; a William Kinne Travel Fellowship (1988) awarded by Columbia University made possible numerous visits to England's National Parks. Both sets of experiences bear fruit in this work.

In the field I was assisted by many individuals to whom I am especially grateful. Sonia Ankers, Paula Day, and Marion Canning shared their thoughts, feelings, and time. Sonia invited me to walk with her local group, allowing me to gain very particular insights. Fieldwork was such that I was based everywhere and nowhere. Exacerbating my anxiety within that peripatetic life was the painful knowledge that my sister was dying, the last member of my own English family of origin. For this reason, my gratitude towards the following people, all walkers, for their hospitality to a virtual stranger, carries a deeper emotional tenor. Brian Franks, Peter and Kate Jones, Jane Sweet and Janet Stone, Stella Welford, and Peter and Eileen Willetts welcomed me into their homes. Peter and Eileen Willetts, Stella Welford, and Peter Jones arranged for me to walk with their local groups and to distribute questionnaires to them; Brian Franks rescued me, twice! Stephen Gorton, a friend of long standing, again extended his hospitality whenever I was in the Lake District.

Peter Jones was a consistent source of details I could not track down in New York, while Malcolm Pitt supplied information that I believed unobtainable. Phil Ray kindly volunteered a copy of his uncle's journal, from around 1922, describing a walking tour in the Lake District. John Home made available a copy of his late mother's 1932 edition of The Open Road, which accompanied her on rambles in the 1930s and '40s. My thanks go especially to Colin Doyle, Director of Countrywide Holidays Association, for his kind permission to access the Association's archives held at the Greater Manchester Public Records Office; to Ian Brodie, Secretary of the Friends of the Lake District; and to Catherine Gunningham, Assistant Director of Development at the Ramblers' Association, both of whom were generous with their time and help in furthering the aims of the project. I much appreciated the generous spirit in which walkers agreed to take on a somewhat lengthy questionnaire.

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