Bernard W.E. Alford - Britain in the World Economy since 1880

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Britain in the World Economy Since 1880

A Social and Economic History of England/Twentieth-Century Britain

Edited by Asa Briggs

Anglo-Saxon England the Norman Conquest (2nd Edition)
H. R. Loyn

Medieval England: Rural Society and Economic Change 10861348
E. Miller and J. Hatcher

Medieval England: Towns, Commerce and Crafts, 10861348
E. Miller and J. Hatcher

The Age of Plunder 15001547 W. G. Hoskins

The Age of Elizabeth 15471603 (2nd Edition) D. M. Palliser

*Englands Apprenticeship 16031763 Charles Wilson

The Vital Century: Englands Economy 17141815 John Rule

Albions People: English Society, 17141815 John Rule

The Rise of Industrial Society in England 18151885
S. G. Checkland

Britain in the World Economy since 1880 B. W. E. Alford

* Not currently available

First published 1996 by Pearson Education Limited

Published 2013 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1996, Taylor & Francis.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notices

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

ISBN 13: 978-0-582-48676-8 (pbk)

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Alford, B. W. E.

Britain in the world economy since 1880 / B.W.E. Alford.

p. cm. (Social and economic history of England)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-582-48675-0 (case). ISBN 0-582-48676-9 (pbk.)

1. Great BritainEconomic conditions19th century. 3. Great
BritainEconomic conditions20th century. 2. Great Britain
CommerceHistory. 4. Economic history. 5. International trade.

I. Title. II. Series.

HC255.A72 1996

330.941dc20

95-5930
CIP

Set by 7B in 10/12pt Baskerville

Contents

Guide

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

AACP	Anglo-American Council on Productivity
CAP	Common Agricultural Policy of the European Community
ECU	European Currency Unit
EEC	European Economic Community
EPU	European Payments Union
ERM	Exchange Rate Mechanism
ERP	European Recovery Programme
GATT	General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
IMF	International Monetary Fund
IRC	Industrial Reorganization Corporation
MITI	Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Japan)
NEDC	National Economic Development Council
OECD	Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OEEC	Organization for European Economic Cooperation
OPEC	Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
SDR	Special Drawing Rights

The changing role, and diminishing influence, of Britain in the international economy during the past century is the central concern of this book. Within this focus a number of themes are examined in detail, including the relationship between Empire and economy, the pattern and nature of British trade, overseas investment, international financial policy, industrial competitiveness and the relationship between economic policy and performance. The analysis is set within a comparative international framework and particular attention is paid to the Western European nations, the USA and Japan. The period encompasses two world wars and their impact on Britains position in the world economy is assessed.

This study does not purport to offer a comprehensive economic and social history of Britain. The approach is not, however, narrowly economic, and one of the major conclusions of the analysis is that the explanation of Britains economic performance is to be found in a wide range of political, social and cultural, as well as economic, conditions. In those places where theoretical and technical issues have to be addressed, every effort has been made to make the discussion user-friendly. In range and coverage, the statistical tables should prove particularly useful to students and the general reader interested in the period.

In a study of this kind I have drawn on the work of many scholars whom it is not possible to acknowledge, though my large debt to them is obvious. The footnotes provide detailed references to those sources I have found most useful as well as suggestions for further reading. For this reason it is not thought necessary to provide a collected bibliography.

I should like to thank the staffs of the University of Bristol Library and the Public Record Office.

I have accumulated many debts to colleagues at Bristol and elsewhere. In particular, I received encouragement from the late William Ashworth and constructive criticism, advice and help from my colleagues Rodney Lowe, Roger Middleton and Philip Richardson. Anne Griffiths has my special thanks, not only for having converted my manuscript into typescript but also for her continuing patience and support. Andrew MacLennan has been an indulgent editor during the years that this book has been promised. Like many of the issues covered by this book, my debt to Valerie Alford is unquantifiable.

13 June, 1995

The reader should note that in the references, the place of publication is London unless otherwise stated.

The publishers would like to thank the following for granting permission to reproduce textual material: Liverpool University Press for .

To the memory of Winifred and Ernest Alford

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