Sven Biscop - Peace Without Money, War Without Americans: Can European Strategy Cope?

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PEACE WITHOUT MONEY, WAR WITHOUT AMERICANS

To my husband Aberu.

While everyone else was talking about the pivot to Asia, he pivoted to Europe and followed me from Taiwan to Brussels to marry me. Three years later, you still make it feel like we are newlyweds.

Peace Without Money, War Without Americans

Can European Strategy Cope?

SVEN BISCOP
Egmont Royal Institute for International Relations, Belgium and Ghent University, Belgium

First published 2015 by Ashgate Publishing

Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright Sven Biscop 2015

Sven Biscop has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

The Library of Congress Catologing-in-Publication Data has been applied for

ISBN 9781472442888 (hbk)

ISBN 9781472442918 (pbk)

ISBN 9781315599861 (ebk-PDF)

ISBN 9781317082743 (ebk-ePUB)

Contents

About the Author

Prof. Dr. Sven Biscop is the director of the Europe in the World programme at the Egmont Royal Institute for International Relations in Brussels, which he joined in 2002. Sven teaches at Ghent University and at the College of Europe in Bruges. As a member of the Executive Academic Board of the European Security and Defence College (ESDC), he regularly lectures in its courses, as well as in various European staff colleges, and at the Peoples University in Beijing, where he is a Senior Research Associate of the Centre for European Studies. Sven chairs the jury of the biennial European Defence Agency Egmont PhD Prize in European Defence, Security & Strategy. In July 2015, Sven was made an Honorary Fellow of the ESDC, on the occasion of its tenth anniversary

List of Abbreviations

AGS	Alliance Ground Surveillance System
BG	Battlegroup
CDP	Capability Development Plan
CFI	Connected Forces Initiative
CFSP	Common Foreign and Security Policy
CSDP	Common Security and Defence Policy
DCFTA	Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement
DDR	Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration
DG	Directorate-General
EATC	European Air Transport Command
EDA	European Defence Agency
EEAS	European External Action Service
EEC	European Economic Community
EIB	European Investment Bank
EMP	Euro-Mediterranean Partnership
ENI	European Neighbourhood Instrument
ENP	European Neighbourhood Policy
ESDC	European Security and Defence College
ESDP	European Security and Defence Policy
ESS	European Security Strategy
EUMC	European Union Military Committee
EUMS	European Union Military Staff
FNC	Framework Nations Concept
GCC	Gulf Cooperation Council
HHG	Helsinki Headline Goal
HR	High Representative
IMF	International Monetary Fund
IS	Islamic State
ISTAR	intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance
NDPP	NATO Defence Planning Process
NGOs	non-governmental organizations
NRF	NATO Response Force
OSCE	Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
PESCO	Permanent Structured Cooperation
R2P	Responsibility to Protect
SCO	Shanghai Cooperation Organization
SSR	Security Sector Reform
TEU	Treaty on European Union
TTIP	Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership
TPP	Trans-Pacific Partnership
VJTF	Very High Readiness Joint Task Force
WMD	weapons of mass destruction

Preface

Can Europe become an autonomous strategic actor only when the US orders it to? Sir, yes Sir! Autonomy, Sir!. To this Belgian author it seems a frustrating contradiction in terms. But what may not work in theory does work in practice: autonomy really is the order of the day for Europe. Just when Europes neighbourhood is in turmoil, on its eastern as well as on its southern borders, the focus of American strategy is shifting away from Europe, to China and Asia the US pivot. Autonomy is thus being forced upon the Europeans, who are slowly becoming aware that vital interests require resolute action in their broad neighbourhood by themselves, for nobody will automatically do it for them.

Britain and France were surprised at having to convince the US of the need to intervene in Libya in 2011, when Gaddafi was poised to crush the last remaining stronghold of the opposition, the city of Benghazi. Usually it is the other way around: the US trying to persuade its European allies that military action must be undertaken. The crisis in Mali in early 2013, when French forces launched a quick reaction to prevent Jihadist militias from overrunning the countrys capital, Bamako, confirmed the picture. Washington will support European action if and when Europe acts. The US expects Europe to take the initiative, at least in its own periphery. That really is at least regional strategic autonomy. And Europe does exercise it. After Russias annexation of the Crimea in 2014 and its successive incursion into eastern Ukraine, American deterrence, through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), reassured European allies that their own territory was safe from a direct Russian threat. But it is Europe, under German leadership, that is trying to resolve the dispute with Russia, through diplomacy and sanctions.

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