Marcus Powell - An Analysis of Policy Implementation in the Third World

MARCUS POWELL

First published 1999 by Ashgate Publishing

Reissued 2018 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY I 0017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright Marcus Powell 1999

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Publishers Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact.

A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 98074140

ISBN 13: 978-1-138-60871-9 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-0-429-45983-2 (ebk)

Acronyms used in the case studies of Jamaica and of The Gambia

CGLI: City and Guilds of London Institute.

CID: Canadian International Development Agency

CNC: Computer Numeric Control

EEC: European Economic Commission

ERP: Economic Reform Programme

HOD: Head of Department

HNC: Higher National Certificate

HRD: Human Resource Development

IDB: International Development Bank

ILO: International Labour ganisation

IMF: International Monetary Fund

MOE: Ministry of Education

NGO: Non-govemmental Organisation

ODA: Overseas Development Administration

ONC: Ordinary National Certificate

OND: Ordinary National Diploma

PIU: Project Implementation Unit

RSA: Royal Society of Arts

TVET: Technical and Vocational Education and Training

UNDP: United Nations Development Programme

USAID: United States Agency for International Development

VSO: Voluntary Services Overseas

Acronyms used in the case study of Jamaica

ACCC: Association of Canadian Community Colleges

ALA: Approved Lending Agencies

BCS: British Computer Society

BSTP: Basic Skills Training Projects

CAST: College of Arts, Science and Technology

CBI: Caribbean Basin Initiative

CSJ: Computer Society of Jamaica

CXC: Caribbean Examination Certificate

EDP: Electronic Data Processing

EXC: Entrepreneurial Extension Centre

HEART: Human Employment and Resource Training

ICL: International Computers Limited

ITCs: Industrial Training Centres

JAGAS: Jamaican and German Automotive School

JIDC: Jamaican Industrial Development Corporation

JLP: Jamaican Labour Party

MYCD: Ministry of Youth and Community Development

NDA: National Development Agency

NFED: Non-Formal Education Division

NTA: National Training Agency

PED: Planning and Evaluation Division

PNP: Peopless National Party

SSF: Self Start Fund

SDC: Social Development Commission

SLP: School Leavers Programme

SRC: Scientific Research Council

TMI: Tool Makers Institute

VTDI: Vocational and Technical, Development Institute

UWI: University of West Indies

Acronyms used in The Gambian case study

BSC: Banjul Skills Centre

CAD: Computer Aided Design

CAPA: Commonwealth Associations of Polytechnics in Africa

CVEP: Continuing Village Education Programme

DNVTP: Directorate for National Vocational Training Programmes

DTEVT: Directorate of Technical Education and Vocational Training.

ESD: Entrepreneurial Skill Development

ESDU: Entrepreneurial skill Development unit

FTC: Full Technological Certificate

GAMTEL: Gambia Public Telephone Company

GPTC: Gambia Public Transport Company

GUC: Gambia Utilities Co-operation

GTTI: Gambia, Technical, Training Institute

GTZ: Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit

HTTC: Higher Technical Teachers Certificate

IBAS: Indigenous Business Advisory Service

IVTCs: In-village Training Centres

NVTB: National Vocational Training Board

NCTEVT: National Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training

NVTC: National Vocational Training Centre

MFCs: Mixed Farming Centres

PTQ: Professional Teaching Qualification

RTITSU: Rural Technical Instructor Training and Services Unit

RVTP: Rural Vocational Training Programme

RVTC: Rural Vocational Training Centre

TANGO: The Association of Non-governmental Organisations

A number of people have played a vital role in the production of this book. In particular, I would like to express my gratitude to colleagues at the Centre for Labour Market Studies, especially Cheryl Gagin and Richard Errington for their valuable comments on the final draft. Other staff also provided useful suggestions, including Dr. Margaret Black and Dr. Alan Felstead.

Thanks are also due to Dr. Y. Benett at Huddersfield University, for supporting and supervising the original thesis on which this book is based. Special thanks are also due to a number of Jamaicans and Gambians who assisted in the difficult process of collecting data for the present study. Amongst those who played an invaluable role were Mr. K. Christian and Mrs J. Mackenzie in Jamaica; and Mr.A.Bittaye, Mr.E.Dondeh Mr.M.Njie, Mr.O.Njie and Mr.B. Sosseh in The Gambia. Finally, I would like to thank Dr.G.Powell, Mr.A. Holt, and Mr. L. Owen for their support and friendship at difficult times during the research

This book presents the findings of a study on policy implementation in Jamaica and The Gambia conducted between 1991 and 1996. The aim of the study was to document and analyse the processes involved in implementing Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) policies in these two Third World countries. Before discussing the finer details of the study it is useful to define what is precisely meant by the terms Third World and post-secondary TVET. Although, the author recognises the limitations of the term Third World, including its assumptions that development is an evolutionary process and all such countries are a homogeneous group, it still provides a useful means of differentiating low income developing countries of the south from those of the industrialised north. Indeed, the former normally share a colonial past, their economies are often characterised by structural weaknesses, they are dependent on overseas aid, and the majority of employment opportunities are to be found in the informal sector. In contrast, the latter have traditionally had a relatively advanced technological base, a higher GNP per capita and a well developed infrastructure (Clapham, 1990).