Roger Eatwell - Western Democracies and the New Extreme Right Challenge

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Western Democracies and the New Extreme Right Challenge

Should democratic societies shun extreme right parties or treat them as normal political parties? Is the solution to the extreme right challenge to be found in new laws banning hate speech or individual parties? To what extent must we search beyond political and legal answers and focus on educational programmes and civil society responses?

For long periods, western democracy, especially its European form, seemed in danger of eclipse by a series of radical forces, most notably communism and fascism. Yet by the beginning of the 1990s, western democracy appeared destined to become the universal governmental norm. However, as we move into the new millennium there are growing signs that extremism is far from dead. In recent years, the extreme right has gathered notable support in many western countries, such as Austria, France and Italy. Racist violence, initially aimed at immigrants is on the rise, and in the USand increasingly in Europethe state itself has become a major target. This book considers the varying trajectories of the extreme right and populist parties and focuses on the problems of responses to these trends, an issue which has hitherto been neglected in academic literature.

Based on extensive and original research, this work combines both nationally specific and comparative chapters to give a detailed picture of the new extreme right challenge in the western world. Its considered approach to the responses available to democratic governments will prove essential reading to students of European and American Politics and Law, and those more generally concerned with the future of democracy.

Roger Eatwell is Professor of European Politics at the University of Bath, and specializes in fascism and the contemporary extreme right.

Cas Mudde is Lecturer in Political Science at the University of Antwerp, and specializes in issues of extremism and democracy.

Routledge Studies in Extremism and Democracy

Series Editors: Roger Eatwell

University of Bath
and

Cas Mudde
University of Antwerp

This new series encompasses academic studies within the broad fields of extremism and democracy. These topics have traditionally been considered largely in isolation by academics. A key focus of the series, therefore, is the (inter-)relation between extremism and democracy. Works will seek to answer questions such as to what extent extremist groups pose a major threat to democratic parties, or how can democracy respond to extremism without undermining its own democratic credentials?

The books encompass two strands:

Routledge Studies in Extremism and Democracy includes books with an introductory and broad focus which are aimed at students and teachers. These books will be available in hardback and paperback. Titles include:

Understanding Terrorism in America

From the Klan to al Qaeda

Christopher Hewitt

Fascism and the Extreme Right

Roger Eatwell

Routledge Research in Extremism and Democracy offers a forum for innovative new research intended for a more specialist readership. These books will be in hardback only. Titles include:

1. Uncivil Society?

Contentious politics in post-Communist Europe

Edited by Petr Kopecky and Cas Mudde

2. Political Parties and Terrorist Groups

Leonard Weinberg and Ami Pedahzur

3. Western Democracies and the New Extreme Right Challenge

Edited by Roger Eatwell and Cas Mudde

4. Confronting Right-Wing Extremism and Terrorism in the USA

George Michael

5. Anti-Political Establishment Parties

A comparative analysis

Amir Abedi

6. American Extremism, History Politics and the Militia Movement

Darren J. Mulloy

Western Democracies and the New Extreme Right Challenge

Edited by
Roger Eatwell and Cas Mudde

First published 2004
by Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004.

2004 editorial matter and selection, Roger Eatwell and Cas Mudde; individual chapters, the contributors

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Western democracies and the new extreme right challenge / edited by Roger Eatwell and Cas Mudde.1st ed.
p. cm.(Routledge studies in extremism and democracy)
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada.
1. ConservatismEurope. 2. Right-wing extremistsEurope. 3. Political partiesEurope. 4. EuropePolitics and government20th century. 5. ConservatismUnited States. 6. Right-wing extremistsUnited States. 7. Political partiesUnited States. 8. United StatesPolitics and government20th century. I. Eatwell, Roger. II. Mudde, Cas. III. Series.

JC573.2.E85W47 2004
324.213dc21
2003010829

ISBN 0-203-40219-7 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-40869-1 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0-415-36971-1 (Print Edition)

Illustrations

Figures

Political processes and political outcomes in inter-war Europe

Peak results of extremist parties 191939

Party system propensities in the electoral and parliamentary arena

A typology of responses to political extremism

Tables

Defensive actions of the Head of State and the Government

Mechanisms of democratic defence (Finland, Belgium, First Czechoslovak Republic)

Defending democracy: the militant and the immunized route

Financial assets and annual income of leading watchdog groups

Contributors

Giovanni Capoccia is Tutorial Fellow in Politics at Magdalen College and Lecturer in the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Oxford. He is the author of La Germania unita fra conti-nuit e rinnovamento (1995) and Defending Democracy: The Extremist Threat in Inter-war Europe (2004), and various articles. His current research project analyzes politico-institutional responses to extremism in 16 European countries.

Alexandre Dz is currently a Visiting Fellow at Princeton University. He holds an MA in politics from Sciences Po, Paris, where he is also submitting his PhD. His main research and publications concern the relationship between extreme right parties and democratic political systems, and the political iconography of the extreme right.

Roger Eatwell is Professor of European Politics at the University of Bath. His main field of research is fascism and the contemporary extreme right. Recent publications include a new edition of his book Fascism. A History (2003) and articles on charisma and political religions. A collection of some of his most important articles and chapters, together with new material, will be published as

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