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Russell Ong - Chinas Security Interests in the 21st Century

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Book:
Chinas Security Interests in the 21st Century
Author:
Russell Ong
Publisher:
Routledge
Genre:
Books / Politics
Year:
2006
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Chinas Security Interests in the 21st Century

The collapse of communism in Europe, the quest for economic security and the war on terror have all affected Chinas view of security matters. This is intended as a comprehensive study of the new policy and security challenges that China may confront in the coming years. It includes chapters on Chinese concepts of security, the role of the United States, the Korean peninsula, Japan, Taiwan and Chinas quest for global power status. The book covers all of Chinas current major security interests and concerns.

Dr Russell Ong is lecturer in Chinese Politics at the University of Manchester. He is also a research associate at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. His research interests lie in international security, international relations of Asia and Chinese foreign policy.

Routledge Security in Asia Series

1 Taiwans Security and Air Power
Taiwans defense against the air threat from mainland China
Edited by Martin Edmonds and Michael M. Tsai

2 Asia Pacific Security Values and Identity
Leszek Buszynski

3 Taiwans Defense Reform
Edited by Martin Edmonds and Michael M. Tsai

4 Maritime Security in Southeast Asia
Edited by Kwa Chong Guan and John K. Skogan

5 Chinas Security Interests in the 21st Century
Russell Ong

First published 2007
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007.

To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledges collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.

2007 Russell Ong

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested

ISBN 0-203-96222-2 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN10: 0-415-39215-2 (hbk)
ISBN10: 0-203-96222-2 (ebk)

ISBN13: 978-0-415-39215-0 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978-0-203-96222-0 (ebk)

To my parents

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Eric Grove, Noel OSullivan, Christopher Coker, Stephen Chan and Rosemary Gosling for their assistance over the years. Special thanks must also be given to the computer support staff and library at the School of Oriental and African Studies, who have provided the necessary facilities to carry out my research.

Abbreviations

APECAsia-Pacific Economic Co-operation

ARF ASEAN Regional Forum

BWCBiological Weapons Convention

CCP Chinese Communist Party

CentrasBat Central Asian Battalion

CISCommonwealth of Independent States

CPSUCommunist Party of the Soviet Union

CSCAP Council on Security Co-operation in the Asia-Pacific

CST Collective Security Treaty

CTBT Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

CWC Chemical Weapons Convention

DPP Democratic Progressive Party

EEZ Exclusive Economic Zones

EU European Union

G-8 Group of Eight

GCC China-Gulf Co-operation Council

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GNP Gross National Product

IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency

IISS International Institute for Strategic Studies

IMF International Monetary Fund

IPR Intellectual Property Rights

ISAF International Security Assistance Force

KEDO Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization

KMT Kuomintang

KWP Korean Workers Party

LWRs Light Nuclear Reactors

MTCRMissiles Technology Control Regime

NAFTA North American Free Trade Area

NATONorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation

NDPONational Defence Programme Outline

NIEO New International Economic Order

NPC National Peoples Congress

NPT Non-Proliferation Treaty

NUC National Unification Council

ODA Official Development Assistance

P5 Permanent Five

PfP Partnership for Peace

PFP Peoples First Party

PLA Peoples Liberation Army

PNTRPermanent Normal Trade Relations

PRC Peoples Republic of China

PSI Proliferation Security Initiative

RMA Revolution in Military Affairs

SCC Security Consultative Committee

SCO Shanghai Co-operation Organisation

SDF Self Defence Forces

SEZ Special Economic Zone

SPR Strategic Petroleum Reserve

TMD Theatre Missile Defence

TRA Taiwan Relations Act

TSU Taiwan Solidarity Union

ULO Uighur Liberation Organisation

UN United Nations

WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction

WTO World Trade Organisation

XPCC Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps

Introduction

The aim of this book is to analyse Chinas security interests in the 21st century. The concept of security here is broadly conceived and this is congruent with the Chinese emphasis on comprehensiveness (quan mian hua). In particular, the aim is to better incorporate non-military elements of security political security and economic security in defining Chinas national interest. Geographically, this book focuses mainly on Chinas backyard of Northeast Asia, although Central Asia also receives attention. Apart from the traditional concerns, non-military issues such as human rights and the threat of peaceful evolution which are highly relevant to understanding Chinas security, will be explored. This introductory chapter is divided into three sections. The first surveys the current security environment in which Chinese policymakers assess national security interests. The second section of this chapter examines the coherence of Chinas security interests. The final section sets out the main arguments and structure of this book.

The context: the age of US unilateralism

This book focuses on Chinas security interests in the post-September 11 environment. To a certain degree, the terrorist attacks in the US in 2001 have affected the functioning of the international system and altered the foreign policy focus of major powers, including China. For the US, its concept of national security has been altered to reflect terrorism as the current biggest threat. Chinese scholars argued that under the George Bush administration, the US foreign policy focus has shifted from Bill Clintons human rights and economics diplomacy to national security and anti-terrorism. The latter two entanglements centre primarily on the US, as the lone superpower is perceived as indulging in power politics and promoting human rights in order to undermine Chinese sovereignty.

For most parts of the Cold War era, China had manoeuvred between the two hostile superpowers, leaning from one side to another to enhance its national security in the strategic triangle. Today, the room for such manoeuvres has shrunk to a large extent as China often faces the US on its own. To counter US preponderance in international politics, China is now seeking to boost its ties with a former adversary, Russia. For instance, the border dispute with Russia, which had existed for over 300 years, was resolved in 2004 when both parties sealed an agreement. Overall, it is clear that US unilateralism in world politics, evinced in the war on terror, has pushed China to look more earnestly for allies who share reservations about Americas assertive foreign policy.

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