Rick J. Rockwell - Media Power in Central America (History of Communication)

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MEDIA POWER IN CENTRAL AMERICA

THE HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION

Robert W. McChesney and John C. Nerone, editors

A list of books in the series appears at the end of this book.

RICK ROCKWELL AND NOREENE JANUS

Media Power in Central America

________________________________________________

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PRESS

URBANA AND CHICAGO

2003 by the Board of Trustees

of the University of Illinois

All rights reserved

Manufactured in the United States of America

c 5 4 3 2 1

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Rockwell, Rick J., 1958

Media power in Central America / Rick J. Rockwell

and Noreene Janus.

p. cm. (History of communication)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-252-02802-3 (cloth : alk. paper)

1. Mass mediaPolitical aspectsCentral America.

2. Mass mediaEconomic aspectsCentral America.

3. DemocracyCentral America.

4. United StatesForeign relationsCentral America.

5. Central AmericaForeign relationsUnited States.

6. Central AmericaPolitics and government1979

I. Janus, Noreene. II. Title. III. Series.

P95.82.C35R63 2003

302.23'09728dc21 2002010964

To John and Isabelle

N.J.

To the memory of Greg Weisz, for putting me on the path

R.R.

---

We journalists believe in the rather Jeffersonian ideal that if we unearth the facts, and give people in a free society the information they need, democracy will flourish.

Philip J. Trounstine, San Jose Mercury News

Contents

Acknowledgments

We wish to acknowledge the role Sanford Ungar played in shaping this book project. While he was the dean of the School of Communication at American University, Ungar secured a project to review aspects of Central American media. This project brought us together as researchers for the first time and laid the groundwork for this book. Ungar was also instrumental in helping us find a publisher interested in our work. Thanks, Sandy.

We also want to thank our editor, Dick Martin, at the University of Illinois Press, for his patience and encouragement.

In addition, we thank Albasari Caro, who exactingly translated many of our interview tapes and gave us helpful advice as we wrote the book, as well as providing research assistance. We want to acknowledge the research work of Dylana Segura, at La Nacin (San Jos), who helped us shape the sections of the book dealing with Costa Rica by sharing her interview tapes. We want to thank Kristin Neubauer for her help in Nicaragua. We also wish to thank Andr Verly, Juan Cristobal Villalobos, and Gloriana Guillen for their research assistance.

This book was produced after eight trips to Central America from 1998 through 2001. During those trips we conducted more than 250 interviews. We wish to thank all those interviewed for giving their time and their thoughts. For his advice on interview subjects, Bill Douglas, of World Learning, deserves special recognition. We thank Bill for his interest, participation, and logistical support.

Noreene wishes to thank Harold Moore, who gave us the keys to the Nicaraguan media world in the form of Roger Solarzano Gaitan. Noreene wishes to acknowledge the memories of Herb Schiller and Jorge Schnitman, who were there at the beginning and who would have loved this book; they were always deeply interested in the people, issues, and struggles it covers. Noreene also wishes to thank John Clark for his love, enthusiasm, and encouragement.

In addition, Rick wishes to thank Wendy Swallow and Wendell Cochran, of American University, who were extremely understanding about balancing research needs against the needs of the institution; Rodger Streitmatter for his sage advice; and Patricia Aufderheide for her counsel. Rick also wishes to credit Declan MacManus for the inspiration and Amy Luther for her eternal patience and love.

Abbreviations

AOL	America On-Line
APES	Salvadoran Press Association
APG	Association of Guatemalan Journalists
ARENA	National Republican Alliance (El Salvador)
Banaico	Panamanian Agro-Industrial and Commercial Bank
CANATEL	Costa Rican National Chamber of Television
CBS	Columbia Broadcasting System (U.S.)
CNN	Cable News Network (U.S.)
CONATEL	Honduran Communications Commission
COSUFFAA	Honduran Supreme Council of the Armed Forces
CPJ	The Committee to Protect Journalists
CVP	Cellular Vision de Panama
ESPN	Entertainment and Sports Programming Network (U.S.)
FCC	Federal Communications Commission (U.S.)
FIU	Florida International University
FMLN	Farabundo Mart Front for National Liberation (El Salvador)
FRG	Guatemalan Republican Front
FSLN	Sandinista National Liberation Front (Nicaragua)
HBO	Home Box Office (U.S.)
IAPA	Inter-American Press Association
IMF	International Monetary Fund
IPI	International Press Institute
MCRL	Free Costa Rica Movement
NGO	Nongovernmental Organization
NPR	National Public Radio (U.S.)
OAS	Organization of American States
PAN	National Advancement Party (Guatemala)
PDC	Christian Democratic Party (El Salvador and Panama)
PLN	National Liberation Party (Costa Rica)
PRD	Democratic Revolutionary Party (Panama)
PRI	Institutional Revolutionary Party (Mexico)
PUSC	Social Christian Unity Party (Costa Rica)
PVP	Popular Vanguard Party (Costa Rica)
SIN	Peruvian National Intelligence Services
TCS	Telecorporacion Salvadoreo
TVN	Televisora Nacional (Panama)
UCN	National Union Center Party (Guatemala)
UHF	Ultrahigh Frequency
VHF	Very High Frequency

MEDIA POWER IN CENTRAL AMERICA

Introduction

The cycle of history is at low tide in Central America: the small nations of the land bridge between North and South America were the strategic focus of cold war policy makers in the 1980s, but today they have seemingly dropped from the radar screen of our conscience. Notably, however, the regions civil and guerrilla wars have left an uncertain future as their legacy. With all these countries at peace, and with dictators removed from the scene, the United States has moved its attention elsewhere, to Kosovo, to Colombia, and to China.

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