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Ocean Resources and U.S. Intergovernmental Relations in the 1980s

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About the Book and Editor

This book examines the U.S. system of intergovernmental relations as they pertain to ocean resources. The exploitation of the oceans, with regard to fisheries, marine mammals, hydrocarbons and economic minerals, waste disposal, and coastal zone management, is analyzed in the context of the Reagan Administration's New Federalism. The contributors document the relationships between the various levels of government (federal, state, and local) that are involved in ocean resource management and explore the problems associated with the use of specific resources. They suggest reasons as to why no single pattern of governmental guidelines for dealing with the oceans has emerged during the Reagan years and discuss how existing federal systems might be altered to improve the management and conservation of ocean resources.

Maynard Silva is a research specialist with the Marine Policy and Ocean Management Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

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Ocean Resources and U.S. Intergovernmental Relations in the 1980s

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edited byMaynardSilva

First published 1986 by Westview Press, Inc.

Published 2021 by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1986 Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 86-51019

ISBN 13; 978-0-3670-0876-5 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-0-3671-5863-7 (pbk)

DOI: 10.4324/9780429038624

Contents

Thomas J. Anton

2 How Federalism Matters in Natural Resources Policy

Dorotha M. Bradley and Helen M. Ingram

3 Ocean Resources and Intergovernmental Relations: The Record to 1980

Maynard Silva and Lauriston King

4 Intergovernmental Relations in Marine Fisheries Management

Alison Rieser

5 Marine Mammals, Endangered Species, and Intergovernmental Relations

Stephen R. Kellert

6 Ocean Resources and Intergovernmental Relations in the 1980s: Outer Continental Shelf Hydrocarbons and Minerals

Richard Hildreth

7 Intergovernmental Relations and Marine Policy Change: Ocean Dumping and At-Sea Incineration of Hazardous Waste

James P. Lester and Michael S. Hamilton

8 Building a Federal-State Partnership for U.S. Ocean Resource Management

Marc J. Hershman

9 Ocean Resources and Intergovernmental Relations: An Analysis of the Patterns

Biliana Cicin-Sain

10 The Exclusive Economic Zone: A New Opportunity in Federal-State Ocean Relations

Robert W. Knecht

1. 2 How Federalism Matters in Natural Resources Policy
2. 3 Ocean Resources and Intergovernmental Relations: The Record to 1980
3. 4 Intergovernmental Relations in Marine Fisheries Management
4. 5 Marine Mammals, Endangered Species, and Intergovernmental Relations
5. 6 Ocean Resources and Intergovernmental Relations in the 1980s: Outer Continental Shelf Hydrocarbons and Minerals
6. 7 Intergovernmental Relations and Marine Policy Change: Ocean Dumping and At-Sea Incineration of Hazardous Waste
7. 8 Building a Federal-State Partnership for U.S. Ocean Resource Management
8. 9 Ocean Resources and Intergovernmental Relations: An Analysis of the Patterns
9. 10 The Exclusive Economic Zone: A New Opportunity in Federal-State Ocean Relations

Guide

The chapters in this volume represent revised versions of papers presented at a workshop, "Ocean Resources and Intergovernmental Relations in the 1980s," held in September of 1985. Specifically, they examine the roles of the federal, state, and local governments of the United States in the management of ocean and coastal resources. The workshop was sponsored by the Marine Policy and Ocean Management Center of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution with funding from the J. N. Pew, Jr.,Charitable Trust.

The impetus for the workshop came from two presentations at very different fora. The first was a 1982 conference sponsored by the University of Rhode Island's Center for Ocean Management Studies. The general consensus of that workshop was that the Reagan Administration was fulfilling his campaign promise to replace the existing system of intergovernmental relations, or federalism, with a "new federalism." This new federalism would include the curbing of federal government expansion, returning powers and substantial responsibilities to the states and redirecting government revenues from the federal to the state level. Additionally, it was felt that these systemic changes would necessarily effect the intergovernmental management of coastal and ocean resources.

The second forum was a roundtable on the "Reagan Federalism" conducted at the 1984 annual meeting of the American Political Science Association. Political scientists being a contentious lot, it would be difficult to say that a consensus emerged. However, the position of the plurality seemed to be that, yes, there had been some changes in the U.S. system of intergovernmental relations (IGR). But those changes could not be claimed to indicate a metamorphosis. In fact, much of the IGR system in place on Reagan's 1581 inauguration was still in place and functioning much as it had under Carter and other recent presidents.

These somewhat opposed views (i.e., much had changed vs. not much had changed), suggested to this writer that it was perhaps an appropriate time for a thorough appraisal of the system of intergovernmental relations in place for the management of U.S. ocean and coastal resources and activities. To this end, the abovementioned workshop was organized and the papers which now comprise this volume were commissioned. Each of the authors was asked to consider questions such as*. Has the Reagan Administration affected the system of IGR for ocean and coastal resources? For all, or only for some of those resources? Where they exist, what are the differences? Can we say that a new system of ocean federalism has emerged during the Reagan years?

The first three chapters are provided as background to help in the appraisal of the Reagan Administration's influence. Anton reviews the variety of models that have been suggested for the U.S. system generally. Bradley and Ingrain analyze the intergovernmental arrangements that exist for other natural resources. Silva and King provide a record of intergovernmental relations and ocean resources through 1980.

The next five chapters look at specific examples of intergovernmental arrangements for the management of ocean resources. Rieser examines marine fisheries. Kellert's chapter addresses the issue of marine mammals. The system of intergovernmental relations for outer continental shelf oil and gas resources (and by extension hard minerals) is explored by Hildreth. Lester and Hamilton review the related cases of ocean dumping and at-sea incineration of hazardous waste. Hershman broadly considers the activity of coastal zone management.

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